the implementation of standards for sanitation hygiene

+^u8*.X2k1* Public water points are sufficiently close to shelters to allow use of the minimum requirement. 17th and 18th The use of the microscope allowed ____ to discover certain microbes that later became known as bacteria. The project recruited, hired and trained 130 hygienists that were positioned in each of the capitals' five designated plague treatment hospitals. Listening to different groups and [], This practical field guide brings together lessons learned from Oxfams past interventions in the prevention and control of cholera, and other related guidance. Without water, sanitation and hygiene services, mothers and newborns may not receive the quality of care they need to survive and thrive. %%EOF need of adequate hygiene services in their plague hospitals in Antananariavo, RANO WASH swiftly made a plan. hb```I,f cbEbavE|k3cJ;\,LN When health-care facilities are equipped with safe WASH services, members of the community are more likely to visit them, and health workers are able to model good sanitation and hygiene practices. Many diseases and conditions can be prevented or controlled through appropriate personal hygiene and by regularly washing parts of the body and hair with soap and water. 1419 0 obj <>stream Society had an impact on ________ medicine with the implementation of standards for sanitation, ventilation, hygiene, and nutrition. Along with our partners, we advocate to governments, donors and the private sector to improve WASH services in schools, and to facilitate knowledge exchange and learning. wa1f@tWHbf(pHDIm3?6. <>stream Flooding had contaminated water and caused latrines to flood at the camp. !lv\XSYDIp'al""d,tbdmm)zN:u4"Rrhd/e$*tf'K $.vtY(p(I^.1I6,LpbkjhPj`h``jpi`6`l````h0kh`h`` 2w0[02t0J056D05(8ZH 0(bs{7C,|n63T$@*H20#0c@ 0 } 0000001309 00000 n We support governments, civil partners and communities with holistic water resource management and public health promotion. Nearly half of all schools do not have basic hygiene services, with1 in 3 primary schools lacking basic sanitation and water. Which of the following statements would be found as part of preanesthesia note? 0 Oxfam 2020. These programs work to provide clean water to Haitian citizens and conduct public health sessions to educate on the merits of basic hygiene practices and methods to avoid waterborne illnesses. It describes the processes and standards that Oxfam WASH programmes should follow if they are to be carried out effectively, consistently and in a way which treats affected communities with respect. Behaviour change cuts across all technical approaches and critical contexts within water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming. Indeed, according to a review article conducted by Shannon et al, 18 Sphere standards for water, sanitation, and hygiene in resettlement camps-that take into account precise amounts of personal . We help governments develop strategies and standards, create or improve monitoring systems to track and report progress, and review budgets and coordination efforts for greater efficiency. Children who cannot wash their hands face a greater risk of infectionand diarrhoeal diseasethan those who can, putting themat risk of missing more school days. The effects of climate change and resulting water scarcity can limit childrens ability to grow up healthy and strong. 0000001526 00000 n Sanitation Performance Standards 11-28-2016 . We achieve better WASH results for children by: UNICEF promotes community-based handwashing through a variety of media and through campaigns like Global Handwashing Day, which reaches hundreds of millions of people every year. Post your homework questions and get free online help from our incredible volunteers. WHO is leading efforts to monitor the global the burden of sanitation-related disease and access to safely managed sanitation and wastewater treatment and factors that enable or hinder progress under the Sustainable Development agenda. Which of the following OSHA standards specifically requires the establishment of a chemical hygiene Science Fiction Novel "No Humans in Universe". 0000001652 00000 n This has serious implications for their survival, growth and development. How is Biology Forums - Study Force different than tutoring. A global campaign to reach children who have missed out on vaccines, Helping farming families and factory workers get their children vaccinated, of public health emergency preparedness and response, Learn why outbreaks are occurring and how UNICEF is responding, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICs), Global Framework for Urban Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Resolution on WASH in health-care facilities, Progress on WASH in health care facilities 2000-2021: Special focus on WASH and infection prevention and control (IPC), Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: A guidance note for leaving no one behind, Knowledge for Children: WASH annual publication catalogue 2020, UNICEF strategy for water, sanitation and hygiene 2016-2030, Urban WASH programming in megacities: Supporting low income communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Urban WASH in small towns: The ONEWASH Plus programme in Ethiopia, UNICEF and WHO Joint Monitoring Programme. Handwashing can reduce the risk of diarrhoeal disease by up to 48%. In [], Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is particularly prevalent in emergency situations. Equal access to water, managing sanitation, safe hygiene practices and community engagement are essential to prevent disease and improve health. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee. This 2015 version of the sanitation safety panning manual has been superseded by the 2022 version. An HMO in which the physicians are employed by the HMO, subscribers pay premiums to the HMO, and all ambulatory care services are provided within HMO corporate buildings is a(n)_____. She most likely work at a ___. endstream endobj startxref Health Care Facility Organization Structure and Operation Short Answer I- Identify the medical specialty described: Surgical management of diseases with the chest. 0000001393 00000 n Enter the term that most. In areas of conflict, children are nearly 20 times more likely to die from diarrhoeal disease . c. Abdomen soft and tender with no rebound tenderness. %%EOF You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Sally Jones assembles a patient record and organizes the following documents into a separate section of the record would be considered ____. 179 0 obj <> endobj sanitation for all Target 6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all Target 6.2: By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations Goal 3: Improving sanitation safety Monitoring water, sanitation and hygiene Strengthening quality of care by improving WASH and waste management in health care facilities Estimating WASH-related burden of disease News 22 March 2023 Statement Our lifetime opportunity to enable water, sanitation and hygiene for all 22 March 2023 Statement 4.Hygiene standards. 3.Sanitation standards. A significant amount of our work occurs in fragile and emergency settings to help prepare for and respond to humanitarian emergencies. This includes . The Unites States Health Agency responsible for providing services to the elderly to enable them to remain independent is called the ____. 251 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2FA1229767D85B42845CA1E2D73B10F2><60096FC5C4D78C4E97B250F7BF2AEB4B>]/Index[212 68]/Info 211 0 R/Length 163/Prev 476508/Root 213 0 R/Size 280/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Changing the behaviour of individuals, groups, and organisations is critical to maximising human flourishing. 0000003893 00000 n The standard institutional claim submitted by hospitals and skilled nursing facilities to payers to obtain reimbursement for health care services is called ____. sZ~wb UNICEF supports over 100 countries in establishing and rehabilitating WASH facilities in schools. Strengthening quality of care by improving WASH and waste management in health care facilities, Estimating WASH-related burden of disease, Our lifetime opportunity to enable water, sanitation and hygiene for all, One-stop resource toolkit launched on refugee and migrant health, Accelerated action needed to ensure safe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene for all. <]>> general hygiene standards disinfection protocols, and protective equipment, Implementation of WASH standards are crucial to human development and well-being ( Shrestha et al. hVo0WJDxtSacR)x4$(IN@cL}/w6w pI"|]"b(O!8r' '`(rAG+"g||\\f&^nSy5-RELx'1~ f$zB% K{VdY>touz('|:V#8u*te=[5cxi/Odf&:YZFotLN' tZw60UfTr) #C. 0000002740 00000 n Adequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene are the key elements for the provision of basic health services. Poor protective behavioural practices and inadequate WASH standards are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in low socio-economic areas ( Reddy et al. Changing the behaviour of individuals, groups, and organisations is critical to maximising human flourishing. Without safe water, refugees are exposed to diseases and infections. Developed in accordance with the processes set out in the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development, these guidelines provide comprehensive advice on maximizing the health impact of sanitation interventions. In 2019, DOH issued the guidelines on implementing the Philippine Approach to Sustainable Sanitation (PhATSS) which assesses and certifies the level of sanitation services delivered by each local government unit. WHO supports implementation through guidelines and tools on sanitation and health, safe use of wastewater and safe recreational water environments, using risk assessment to identify, prioritize, manage and monitor coordinated action to protect public health. Our work focuses on technical assistance to governments for the construction and rehabilitation of WASH infrastructure, as well as on developing national standards, policies and hygiene protocols for WASH in health-care facilities. ]OO9:wwy"6y~HG~}MtOOoo$s~ffZ:3/{#:}_i?9_|?oP{6?~ oO~0|)()cn?S3k+1yb?||(}wo?~b~=}w7w7n|?xtqN3s]#d9Yaqzm , f w}>Y-1V-7xn}MxhPQ"C?~OX7o~o|zx1bTL ->u;r^Q_~f7?{ hbbd``b`$W i RbA,5"J%&F_@#5j> / Support our work. %PDF-1.5 2c)f< YSFa qaMVl l+7Y>1Z?4cCS] ojb9^E4KN6v`eQb/37E.6E[=Tq91~rh$i52H"}>:PX5f;`c % ;d6kl SMfB $$f{gCkK./nMw F^r$,6m6\C*C^Vc{[gv).3&-p93LN2.co^&:\^ ko:mWc*X _Xf=[l $sck{dvKXM7pxk18b endstream endobj 1388 0 obj <>/Metadata 102 0 R/Pages 1385 0 R/StructTreeRoot 139 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 1389 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 1385 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 1390 0 obj <>stream Implementing Water,Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Information brief Why WASH? This project used an integrated approach in collaboration with community members, local government, and health/WASH partners that were operating in the programme areas. Objective: We aim to describe the value of implementation science (IS) for the WASH sector and provide recommendations for its . In addition to changing the behaviour of individuals, transforming social norms and reducing stigma in communities around topics like gender and . Explain why two parallel wires carrying currents in opposite directions repel each other. To prevent public health emergencies, WASH services must be prepared to support children and their communities in times of crisis. b;PpwP~OVbXhsp'8T[8ByQJ,l&yxAd#1g{a0jHe { Oxfam is a registered charity in England and Wales (no 202918) and Scotland (SC039042). The implementation of standards for sanitation, hygiene, ventilation, and nutrition occurred during the ____ centuries. Fragile states, continuing and new crises are pushing the humanitarian system to its limits. Our people-based approach has helped entire communities eliminate the dangerous practice of open defecation, many of whom reached Open Defecation Free status in 2019. We also develop and integrate low cost innovations that offer sustainable and community driven solutions. The guidelines summarize the evidence on the links between sanitation and health, provide evidence-informed recommendations, and offer guidance for international, national and local sanitation policies and programme actions. planning for implementation of sanitation and health guidelines and guidelines on safe use of wastewater, greywater and excreta. High standards of sanitation are an ethical and social responsibility. The consequences of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) on children can be deadly. % Oxfam GB is a member of the international confederation Oxfam. 0000000556 00000 n In addition to supporting child-inclusive programmes, in 2019, UNICEF constructed and rehabilitated over 1,000 solar-powered water systems to address increasing water scarcity. Increasing access to WASH services for the marginalized urban poor is an important frontier of UNICEFs work. The neutral helium atom, , has a mass of 4.002603 u, a neutron has a mass of 1.008665 u, a proton . xref One of the world's most urgent issues is lack of safe water, sanitation and hygiene. Recreational water safety <3a^yi1wz8/__#_|9EB~`d7|yt\@Ry@_FP5r'5./zJI9O# NsR|~B2s7[?@H:>T~[1t(o`!L .gBa+%S (0jO[%cS|bZ}y6#:xl(VtkhAz}r9D]h)V#k8^o OO|1 e^3EO6R$Pysm;>Z+uu{oFF,F1^|@0aG.11~b0ekSAkY=0 /10FkYc13}Z %PDF-1.6 % Use the sublevel blocks on the periodic table to write the electron configuration for antimony. Some 1 in 4 health-care facilities do not have basic water services. Better sanitation and nutrition generally resulted from the. The implementation of standards for sanitation, hygiene, ventilation, and nutrition occurred during the______ centuries. Sphere Standards for Water Supply. 2 0 obj While each is a separate field of work, they are interdependent and help keep refugees healthy. Read this capacity statement for information about World Vision's experience, distinctives and approaches for behaviour change in WASH. Behaviour Change: Practical Implementation Guidance for Programmes, Behaviour Change: Evidence Summary for Handwashing, World Vision staff are on the ground responding to the needs of those impacted by earthquake in Trkiye and Syria. We work to construct water and sanitation facilities that outlast the emergency, while providing clear leadership and accountability in humanitarian response. sanitation facilities and hygiene education that encourages the development of healthy behaviours for life. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, More information on improving sanitation safety. We support menstrual health and hygiene in schools by constructing private, secure sanitation and washing facilities as well as menstrual pad disposal facilities. 1401 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<71E4C7195900614D9D58F1120B7036B2>]/Index[1387 33]/Info 1386 0 R/Length 76/Prev 563578/Root 1388 0 R/Size 1420/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 0000003211 00000 n 0000002384 00000 n Water-related. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The guidelines also articulate and support the role of health authorities in sanitation policy and programming to help ensure that health risks are identified and managed effectively. 0 Polly's job responsibilities include collecting outcomes and assessment information set (OASIS) data and eneteing the data set into Home Assessment Validation Entry (HAVEN) data-entry software. Which of the following statements is NOT correct concerning the Cash Budget? How does the use of WASH interventions reduce disease outbreaks? The implementation of standards for sanitation, hygiene, ventilation, and nutrition occurred during the ___centuries. When children dont have access to clean water, it affects their health, nutrition, education and learning abilities, thus impacting many aspects of their lives. Suppose you lived on the Falkland Islands at 52 degrees south latitude. With our help, your homework will never be the same! See Answer Access to clean water, basic toilets, and good hygiene practices not only keeps children thriving, but also gives them a healthier start in life. Him 321 Final Agencies that Set Standards, CUA 213 Chapter 5 Review Your Learning_Fausti, CUA 213 Chapter 4 Review Your Learning_Fausti, CUA 213 Chapter 3 Review Your Learning_Fausti, CUA 213 Chapter 2 Review Question_Faustino.Ma, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Winningham's Critical Thinking Cases in Nursing, Dutton's Orthopaedic: Examination, Evaluation and Intervention, Joints of the foot (type, articulations, ligs. But what does the existing evidence tell us about what works? Behaviour change cuts across all technical approaches and critical contexts within water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programming. Deep and profound inequalities in urban areas often leave the poorest children with little or no access to WASH services. 191 0 obj<>stream %PDF-1.6 % In addition to preventing . In areas of conflict, children are nearly 20 times more likely to die from diarrhoeal disease than from the conflict itself. 0 Why is sand listed as an ingredient in my potato chips? a. Good body washing practices can prevent the spread of hygiene-related diseases. hb``a``XYL/G@EGHe`W8UX AI!n k-,`:Cx)PVABv3Jv0T5nqADKq #.u=E]i7f@,g wZ;fb`lS3D5$@ #E. Fragile states, continuing and new crises are pushing the humanitarian system to its limits. Key Lessons for Community Engagement in WASH (Water, [], People affected by emergencies can face increased risks to health from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and disease outbreaks. Moreover, seven other indicators, largely Free access to research reports, policy briefs, case studies, tools, guidelines, and more, Languages: English, French, Languages: English, French, Spanish, Elsa distributing Oxfam hygiene kits in Mandruzi resettlement camp. Still, 673 million people practice open defecation. %PDF-1.4 % a. The implementation of standards for sanitation, hygiene, ventilation, and nutrition occurred during the ____ centuries. The Puyer Corporation makes and sells only one product called a Deb. 6.Disease vectors. in response to disease outbreaks) in low and middle-income countries. In partnership with the World Health Organization, UNICEF works with governments to implement and monitor the Eight Practical Steps to universal access to WASH and the commitments made by governments to implement the Resolution on WASH in health-care facilities. This includes transporting water, ensuring it is purified, and constructing toilets in refugee camps and transit centres. Good hygiene not only allows children to stay healthy and prevent the spread of infectious disease, but also to miss fewer days of school. 0000003665 00000 n endstream endobj startxref In 1948, Happy Hospital was able to secure federal grant funds to update its surgical units. endstream endobj 213 0 obj <. Around 1 in 5lack sanitation, and 1 in 6 have no hand hygiene facilities and no soap and no water in toilets. Despite COVID-19 putting the spotlight on the importance of hand hygiene to prevent the spread of disease, three billion people worldwide, including hundreds of millions of school-going children, do not have access to handwashing facilities with soap. SANITATION AND HYGIENE Sanitation is defined as access to and use of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human excreta. In keeping with our Core Commitments for Children, UNICEF has mobilized teams and resources in a global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Background: Delivery of high quality, at-scale, and sustained services is a major challenge in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector, made more challenging by a dearth of evidence-based models for adaption across contexts in low- and middle-income countries. Many children living in impoverished urban settlements, like slums, are deprived of their rights to drinking water and sanitation. %%EOF The aim is to provide a quick, step-by-step guide to inform cholera outbreak interventions and ensure public health programmes that are rapid, community-based, well-tailored, and gender and diversity aware. 5.School health services organization and administration. Oxfam, Unilevers Lifebuoy soap, and Unilevers Chief Sustainability Office conducted research with emergency-affected mothers in the Philippines, Pakistan and Nepal in [], Emergency water trucking to drought-affected populations, particularly in the Horn of Africa, has become cyclical intervention as rainfall patterns in these areas has become increasingly unpredictable. The establishment is required to maintain these written procedures on file, and they must be available to FSIS upon request. The Sphere Project sets up three different key standards for water supply: All people have safe access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene. Access specialist resources and minimum requirements, This paper is Oxfams essential guide for WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) staff and partners. The audience for the guidelines is national and local authorities responsible for the safety of sanitation systems and services, including policy makers, planners, implementers within and outside the health sector and those responsible for the development, implementation and monitoring of sanitation standards and regulations. 279 0 obj <>stream The consequences of poor sanitary and hygienic conditions and inadequate water supply . hbbd```b``.;A$;,` DIS`i0 QL*`r.X}/" #A7`PH2gTH!F|,&$XHu d The implementation of standards for sanitation, hygiene, ventilation, and nutrition occurred during the ___centuries. 2.Water quality. 2017 ). They will enable [], Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (WASH) are commonly implemented as part of emergency response activities (i.e. The consequences of unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) on children can be deadly. Which of the following observations would be found in the physical examination report? Leeuwenhoek Involving communities affected by the crisis in the response, so that the delivery of facilities and services works for them, is a vital part of Oxfams WASH response in emergencies. The strategy helps fulfil children's rights to health, education and participation, and has been widely recognized for its significant In their first months, many camps rely on communal sanitation facilities a quick and cost-effective way of meeting immediate needs and minimizing public health risks until a better solution can be developed. Sanitation and health: Where to from here. xb```f``j xY80`YBU,res`cR;zjO2,`k~7k5=6jz=e|m( uccWZfKR6*+t4nvPZn49$''!SYaBJIk=5Ye( . Medieval c. Modern d. Ancient This problem has been solved! 0000002663 00000 n We work directly with schools and health-care facilities to improve access to basic water, sanitation and handwashing facilities, and to establish protocols for preventing and controlling infections. This includes establishing sustainable governance of water resources at local and national levels and influencing people-centred health promotion interventions. Strong national policies, financial systems and monitoring make WASH systems sustainable, resilient and accountable. WHO also coordinates sanitation actions with partners in other health initiatives such as neglected tropical diseases, cholera, nutrition, infection prevention and control and antimicrobial resistance, used a safely managed sanitation service in 2017, of the global population use at least a basic sanitation service. trailer As of 2019, UNICEF has been working in over 80 countries to improve access to WASH in health-care facilities. People living in rural areas, urban slums, disaster-prone areas and low-income countries are the most vulnerable and the most affected. UNICEFworks in over 100 countries to help provide access to clean water and reliable sanitation, and to promote basic hygiene practices in rural and urban areas, including in emergency situations. By 2050, 2.5 billion more people are projected to join urban populations. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Or you can also browse all knowledge resources, Scroll to explore or go to related resources, Equal access towater, managingsanitation, safehygienepractices and community engagement are essential to prevent disease and improve health. Renaissance b. Our work covers a wide range of contexts where people are vulnerable to WASH-related diseases. It aims to inform public health practitioners and programme teams about the design and implementation of community-centred approaches. In relation to the different SDG 6 targets and the situation in Brazil, it is important to mention that the national reference standards for sanitation are also essential to guide full access to drinking water and sanitation services provided for in targets 6.1 and 6.2, not just from the point of view of infrastructure, but mainly ensuring that it is, in fact, universal and fair. 0000002420 00000 n Safe sanitation is essential for health, from preventing infection to improving and maintaining mental and social well-being. This funding was established by ____. Personal Hygiene. We procuresupplies for infection prevention and control, and workclosely with governments to provide guidance to communities, health-care providers and education practitioners. 212 0 obj <> endobj and sanitation and would accelerate the Organization's work to increase access to safely managed drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene in households, and additional targets associated with UHC are linked to improving water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in health care facilities (HCF). Growing up in a clean and safe environment is every childs right. utensils, good personal hygiene, and proper food handling practices substantially reduce the risk of direct product contamination and adulteration and are essential to the implementation of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems. To assess key hygiene practices in terms of water needs and sanitation habits (secondary data, key informants) To identify cultural habits among the refugee population that might affect their hygiene / sanitation preferences, for example , sitting or squatting and - whether they would practice anal cleansing with water or with dry material . What are the programme design and implementation characteristics [], Oxfam Minimum Requirements for WASH Programmes: MR-WASH, Shining a Light: How lighting in or around sanitation facilities affects the risk of gender-based violence in camps, Mums Magic Hands: A field guide for rapid implementation of handwashing promotion in emergencies, Technical Guidelines on Water Trucking in Drought Emergencies, Guide to Community Engagement in WaSH: A practitioners guide, based on lessons from Ebola, An Introduction to Community Engagement in WASH, Cholera Outbreak Guidelines: Preparedness, prevention and control, WASH Interventions in Disease Outbreak Response. Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (Sanitation SOPs) are written procedures that an establishment develops and implements to prevent direct contamination or adulteration of product. The goal of the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) in Healthcare Facilities project was to provide 100% of 40 healthcare facilities in the Kolokani and Koro districts in Mali with sustainable WASH services. All WASH staff members are expected to understand and [], Camps are places of refuge for people fleeing conflict and disaster, but they can be dangerous, especially for women and girls. Since its founding in 1990, the organization has implemented WASH programs in 24 communities. Without toilets, water sources for drinking and cooking can become contaminated. hKq)f r;sve1mh!yAUWhU-Ms2_8q8+Svrn]?~*~s7]|:OO,q>}tWo-M9hM/_7:Wo>7S:Wo^_ooOuyyu/77=}wo/~z._SS~~W?_JwbU-_b~yO0Ho9m1tsuq2YK>#`|~^tyxstuA]7W>sa=lh_}Woc9_))\{]D*|0u?Ul/1=}iscn/z!'o_>xww?eww=n=~Yv{Ufnf2>HG,}OJ^V? A) 16th and 17th B) 18th and 19th Safe sanitation systems are fundamental to protect public health. We also provideeducation and support servicesthat help more girls better manage their menstruation cycle. WASH is the collective term for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Patients that undergo procedures that can be performed on an outpatient basis are categorized as ____. Developed in accordance with the processes set out in the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development, these guidelines provide comprehensive advice on maximizing the health impact of sanitation interventions.

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