eeio emission factors

The authors declare no competing interests. This flow update afforded the opportunity to use more standard life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) characterization factors to populate these indicators, which were integrated with the new procedure. The direct+indirect impacts are calculated like in Eq. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5557895 (2021). For most sectors, the commodity values are distributed using the percentages obtained from the disaggregation of the waste management industries in the Use table. This is a necessary first order approximation since we found no publicly available data to confirm this for the disaggregated waste sectors. Chinese environmentally extended input-output database for 2017 and 2018, Implementing the material footprint to measure progress towards Sustainable Development Goals 8 and 12, Contributions of sociometabolic research to sustainability science, CO2 emission accounts of Russias constituent entities 20052019, A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies, Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions, Variation in trends of consumption based carbon accounts, An emissions-socioeconomic inventory of Chinese cities, US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model, Sustainable Materials Management Prioritization Tools, models are listed on the model technical content webpage, https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=CESER&dirEntryId=349324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.150, https://pasteur.epa.gov/uploads/10.23719/1365565/documents/USEEIOv1.1-DescriptionofSatelliteTableUpdates.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104795, https://www.bea.gov/industry/input-output-accounts-data, https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/concepts-methods-io-accounts, https://doi.org/10.1080/0953531042000219286, https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347251, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2012/econ/census/aswmrs-services.html, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2015/econ/services/sas-naics.html, https://www.epa.gov/hwgenerators/biennial-hazardous-waste-report, https://www.census.gov/naics/concordances/2012_to_2007_NAICS.xls, https://www.census.gov/naics/2012NAICS/2-digit_2012_Codes.xls, https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/national-emissions-inventory-nei, http://www2.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-data-and-tools, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2010/, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-07/documents/nei2014v2_tsd_05jul2018.pdf, https://echo.epa.gov/trends/loading-tool/water-pollution-search, https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/84880/eib-178.pdf?v=6791.3, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/, https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls07.pdf, https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=44630, https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm, https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=101624, https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf, https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/Farm_and_Ranch_Irrigation_Survey/fris.pdf, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_FGW_mmcf_m.htm, https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects, http://edap-data-commons.s3.amazonaws.com/data_commons_search.html, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17145878.v1, https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&type=metadata&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC#, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17269211, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17377805, https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2016, https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/international-actions-montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19100375.v1, https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/, https://www.bea.gov/products/industry-economic-accounts/underlying-estimates, https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls2012-web.pdf, https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/prd-wret/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/mcs/mcs2014.pdf, https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/archive/xls/f923_2014.zip, http://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/, https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/PubExtracts/2014/GenSummary.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-11/documents/2014_smmfactsheet_508.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, At the intersection of life cycle assessment and indirect greenhouse gas emissions accounting. The M or N coefficient matrices may be used for estimating direct plus indirect (supply chain) impacts or embodied carbon, energy, land or water associated with purchases. Significant decreases in HRSP are visible in agricultural sectors except in Cattle. The model is validated through reproduction of national totals from input data sources and through analysis of changes from the most recent complete USEEIO model that can be explained based on data updates or method changes. 1. Crop water use is calculated by multiplying irrigated harvested cropland acreage and water application rates for different crops48,49. This significant decreases in agricultural sectors is carried over into the food and fiber sector products, where for instance 90% of the contribution to HRSP for Flours and Malts is from Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains. Prioritization of sectors in the US economy by greatest opportunities for environmental improvements through the use of the Sustainable Materials Management Prioritization Tools will be a primary use of v2.0. A summary of life cycle impact assessment results from v2.0 for 2012 total US production and consumption are presented in Table8. Circular 1200 https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1200 (1998). Also, change in inventories, y, is positive for commodities produced but not sold, and negative for commodities consumed from a previous years production. It is widely used by EPA program offices and other government agencies, corporations, nonprofits, nongovernmental organizations, and academia for applications such as calculating carbon footprints and environmental assessments. Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production. Provider. In contrast, in USEEIO v1.2, the comparable value added coefficients varied from ~0.51.5, because of a method to approximate 2016 value added from summary level data to pair with the 2007 Use table6 that led to a departure from this identity. Stat. 28, 99118, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.2.99 (2014). This research was funded by the USEPAs Sustainable and Healthy Communities Research Program. Li, M. & Ingwersen, W. H_r and H_f matrices of USEEIOv1.2 and v2.0.1-411. Food and beverage stores appear in v2.0 rankings as the only retail sector, whereas Other retail appeared as the only retail sector in the v1.2 top 20. For SMOG, decreases are also apparent in agricultural sectors and many manufacturing sectors where decreases in impact intensity for Wood pulp, Paints and Cement stand out. After waste management itself, the next 31 input sectors (out of 177) comprise 70% of intermediate inputs. Crop irrigation water withdrawal is initially calculated by determining water withdrawal for individual crops. It is the best value for money option. Where a 5-digit NAICS contains only a single 6-digit child NAICS (e.g., 56291), flows are automatically assigned to that sector. environmental pollution waste material air pollution water pollution, economic input-output data environmental release data resource use data. Report No. Generally, NAICS codes are published by the Census Bureau at five levels of detail: 2- to 6-digit, but such hierarchy is not fully disclosed in the table for each BEA-NAICS correspondence, which makes the correspondence incomplete. 35, is a vector of the column sums of the given H (see Eqs. Resour. We define consumption as final use within the US of all goods and services that are both produced and sold within the US or imported. United States Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) Modeling Framework for USEEIOv2.0. https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/international-actions-montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer (2015). The USEEIO Modeling Framework for USEEIO v2.09 provides an overview of the source code along with links to useeior and supporting software packages. Urban land allocation now includes estimates for urban green areas based on assumptions made by Zeng and Ramaswami37. Five categories are reported in year one and 12 in year five. State and local general government is split into education and other services in the 2012 IO tables, resulting in a fall in ranking but occupying two spots in the top 20. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Point source releases to air reflect facility reported releases in these datasets and include both criteria and toxic air pollutants. 2012 NAICS to 2007 NAICS Concordance. National totals of flows (physical movements of specific resources, emissions or employment) by industries are used as the sources of environmental and employment data. U.S. Energy Information Administration https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia923/archive/xls/f923_2014.zip (2014). The literature assessing the environmental impacts of household consumption is mostly focused on developed economies, thus, leaving a critical gap when it comes to assessing the impacts of household consumption and of related environmental policies in developing countries . figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17377805 (2021). Other agricultural commodities show the inverse change in v2.0, where the agricultural output in v2.0 is higher and thus the pesticide release and related impact intensities are lower. Learn More https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/concepts-methods-io-accounts (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009). The relationship table presents a hierarchy of the BEA codes at three levels of detail: sector (21 sector groups), summary (71 sector groups), and detail (405 sector groups), as well as how each level relates to the NAICS code structure. Table 1 shows EPA's recommended source of emission factors for each scope 3 category. The result is available in the National Point Source Releases to Ground By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset35. In order to perform this calculation, the purchase has to be associated with a corresponding commodity in USEEIO. The Federal LCA Commons Elementary Flow List (FEDEFL) v1.0.7 is used to represent the substance, environmental compartment or origin or release, and the unit in a common format with Federal LCA data14,15. The totals for household, investment, and government consumers in the Use table include consumption of direct imports as positive values. Conserv. These same year margins data are used for all years, however they are price-adjusted first to calculate a total year specific margin using Eq. These factors were prepared using USEEIO models, which are a life cycle models of goods and services in the US economy. The original relation between the environmental data in the form of national totals by industry, E, and the model economic data uses the model industry output, as described in Eq. (Cambridge University Press, 2009). Read more in their carbon methodology, available on their carbon footprint site. Then one can continue to derive the equivalent of L for domestic use, Ld from Ad, using Eq. Read more about NETL's work here. It is further assumed that the Hazardous waste collection, treatment, and disposal sector (562HAZ) collects all hazardous waste using specialized equipment. EPA/600/R-19/092 https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347251 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019). 32 are the same as the Value Added row values in the model N matrix. 15. where Gr is the direct+indirect flows x sector matrix and s is a scaling vector. W.I. Quarterly census of employment and wages 2015. https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). 1a, Electricity followed by Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains remain in the top two places, but Cattle ranches and feedlots has moved into the third place. The Use table is normalized by the industry output vector, x, to result in a commodity x industry direct requirements matrix. This subset describes the waste flows from the receiving facilities point of view, ideal for tracking the information regarding how the waste is managed. Report No. Garvey, T. & Ingwersen, W. USEEIO Elementary Flows and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Characterization Factors. Econ. This can be represented using Eq. Water use for crops originally used acreage data for 37 crops accessed through the USDA Irrigation and Water Management Survey (IWMS)49. For the disaggregated waste management sectors, this represents the materials and services that these industries consume in the process of collecting, managing, and remediating wastes. Li, M. & Ingwersen, W. Life-cycle impact coefficients (N matrix) of USEEIOv1.2 and v2.0.1-411. Reduction in emissions for ozone depletion potential for manufacturing sectors. The direct perspective calculation associates the totals with the sectors that produce the given flows (e.g. CalRecycle - Californias Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery, CBECS - Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey, CCDD Commercial Construction & Demolition Debris, CRHW - Commercial Resources Conservation and Recovery Act-Defined Hazardous Waste, EEIO - Environmentally-Extended Input-Output, HRSP - Human Health - Respiratory Effects, IWMS - Irrigation and Water Management Survey, MECS - Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, NAICS - North American Industry Classification System, RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, RCRAInfo - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Information system, USEEIO United States Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Model, USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency. This decrease is likely a result of fuel source changes in the electricity production over this period69. For v2.0, total value added per industry is taken directly from the same 2012 BEA Use table that is a source for the economic data. L, the Leontief inverse, or the total requirements matrix, is obtained from A, using Eq. Land occupation is allocated to industrial sectors using the USDAs Major Uses of Land in the United States 2012 report (MLU), accounting for total US land area through twelve use categories36. The relative contribution, rc of a flow, f, to an impact intensity coefficient from N for a given indicator, n, can be calculated using Eq. Using these assumptions, the waste flows between the disaggregated waste management sectors are divided by the total waste shipped between 562 sectors (as indicated in the RCRAInfo data) to obtain a percent allocation value. 12:15-12:30. As the matrix values are in producer price USD, the values in are commodity-specific producer:purchaser price ratios where a value of c,y is a ratio of year y USD producer price:year y USD purchaser price for commodity c. Margins tables provide values for transportation, t, wholesale, w, and retail, r, specific to each commodity consumed by industries, households or investors. How to use EEIO model within Sustainability Manager: The quantity equals the cost, and the company spend code is used as reference data. For each of the tables, these sections are the table rows, columns, and intersections. This methodology modification follows work by Zeng and Ramaswami and is meant to avoid double counting forest land use with grazing land37. Emissions from purchased goods and services and capital goods, referred to as Scope 3 emissions in the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 3 Accounting and Reporting Standard, represent a significant emissions source for many organizations. 4. Ingwersen, W., Li, M., Young, B., Vendries, J. ISSN 2052-4463 (online). Outside of agricultural land, there is a sharp increase for Museums, historical sites, zoos and parks. M.L. Ingwersen, W., Yang, Y., Gilkey, K. & Li, M. USEEIOv1.1 - Satellite Tables. 9. The Recycling Economic Information (REI) Report, a primary output of the Recycling Economic Information (REI) Projectrelieson environmental and economic input-output methodologies for estimating environmental and economic impacts associated with recycling. Truck transportation, Water transportation, Rail transportation are commodities in set m for transportation). Darker shade indicates a relatively higher score. Aquaculture and Thermoelectric withdrawals are assigned to the 4-digit NAICS codes 1125 and 2211, respectively. Increase in nonpoint emissions for manufacturing sectors. Scope 3 emission sources include emissions both upstream and downstream of the organizations activities. Only two categories use a specific method (e.g., supplier-specific method, fuel-based method) in year one and seven in year five. Inventory of u.s. Greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 19902016. General Motors Carbon Disclosure The scope 3 emissions for one organization are the scope 1 and 2 emissions of another organization. Cm is obtained from Eq. Planting, M. & Guo, J. The Sector Crosswalk can be used to identify a NAICS code associated with a USEEIO code, and tools like the Census NAICS code search75 can be used to identify NAICS codes associated with the purchase. The Use table also includes imports, exports, and change in inventories of final commodities as a part of final demand. flowsa v1.0.126 was used for preparation of all original environmental inputs. Prod. Additionally, the Water_national_2015_m1 methodology differs from Water Use Satellite table compiled for v1 for Crop Irrigation, Industrial, Mining, Thermoelectric, and Hydroelectric water estimates. The emission factor rating takes into account the test rating, the number of sources tested, and whether the sources are selected at random, represent the industry population, and are sufficiently specific (e.g., to fuel type, design, etc.) Truck transport fell out of the top 20. The direct+indirect flows x sector matrix with the final perspective, Gf is calculated with Eq. The overall consistency in the impact intensities and rankings between v2.0 and v1.2 confirms relative consistency and robustness in the model with some changes that can be explained based on input data changes or methodological improvements. To ensure that these changes do not violate the balance required to build the model, both the commodity and industry totals of the Make and Use tables were compared after the disaggregation process to the original datasets in a commodity-to-commodity and industry-to-industry comparison. However, changes in the Make Transactions have resulted in a substantial increase in the quantity assigned to the Corn products commodity; Other basic organic chemicals, which is one of the largest generators of CRHW, supplies a significantly higher share of Corn products in the make transactions, increasing from approximately 4% of total commodity output in 2007 to 37% in 2012. Ingwersen, W.W., Li, M., Young, B. et al. Estimates for scope 3 categories can vary in accuracy depending on the available data and the organizations quantification goal. Water withdrawal by industry was allocated to NAICS using BLS QCEW employment data. Derivation of these demand vectors is described in depth in the Final Demand section, since these have not been previously described in USEEIO documentation. The national release estimates for pesticides were not updated in v2.0, where data on application for these chemicals to vegetables was from 2010. ~98% of commodities have a value of 10.025. For v2.0, Waste management and remediation services is disaggregated into the seven sectors shown in Table5. Birney, C., Conner, M. & Ingwersen, W. National water withdrawal totals by industry 2015 v1.1. Edelen, A., Hottle, T., Cashman, S. & Ingwersen, W. The federal LCA commons elementary flow list: Background, approach, description and recommendations for use. Themodified methodology results in significant sector disparities within agriculture, construction, retailing, finance, and household sectors. When no additional data is available, the satellite flows are disaggregated based on the total economic throughput of the disaggregated sectors. Then, the imports, yi, are subtracted from the final demand in the original Use table, to get domestic final demand, yd, as in Eq. Waste management and remediation services fell out of the top 20 due to the disaggregation of the waste sectors in v2.0. https://www.census.gov/naics/ (U.S. Census Bureau, 2022). Report out, Q&A and closing. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524311 (2021). Please click here to see any active alerts. zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370101 (2021). The results of those normalizations are multiplied with an orientation to create a commodity x commodity direct requirements matrix, or A, using Eq. The IO transactions for the Use table intersection are assigned based on material flows between the disaggregated sectors, using RCRAInfo data as the main data source. Household emissions or other final use emissions are not included in B. The organization may be able to expand its reporting by estimating these relevant categories in the future, which is recommended to increase completeness. Hospitals and Limited Service Restaurants have moved up in the rankings. These sections are disaggregated sequentially, and all the disaggregated components of the tables are combined at the end of the process. Industrial and Mining water withdrawals are proportionally allocated using BLS QCEW employment data47. Report No. J. Econ. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The Water_national_2015_m1 model differs from the Water Use Satellite table compiled for v1.13 in several ways. 7. The USGS publishes state-level water withdrawal estimates for nine broad categories: Aquaculture, Domestic, Industrial, Irrigation Crop, Irrigation Golf Courses, Livestock, Mining, Public Supply, and Thermoelectric Power. EF Hub. - Government published carbon conversion factors. Introduction [ edit] The disaggregation process is carried out by disaggregating distinct sections of the Use and Make tables. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. This follows from the use of the value added directly from the 2012 Use tables and the Leontief price model72 that the sum of all direct and indirect value added equals the index price. Report No. Total flows or impacts associated with a given amount of final demand are calculated using two perspectives that produce the same overall flow or impact totals but associate the totals with different sectors. Internet Explorer). U.S. Census Bureau https://www.census.gov/naics/2012NAICS/2-digit_2012_Codes.xls (2019). The Make table intersection is allocated using the total Use table commodity output, adjusted for any manual allocations performed for the disaggregation of the Make table columns. http://edap-data-commons.s3.amazonaws.com/data_commons_search.html (2021). EPA researchers worked with partners at US Department of Defenses (DOD) environmental research programs (the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program) to use USEEIO as the basis for re-creating an input-output model tailored to the specific needs of the DOD, such as life-cycle analysis formilitary equipment. Timberland estimates are based on MLUs ungrazed forest land rather than total timberland, which reduces land use attributed to forest. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-07/documents/nei2014v2_tsd_05jul2018.pdf (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). The USDA CoA state data was summed with the allocated MLU remainder land for total grazing land by animal. Report No. Timber and raw forest products impact intensity increased due to a decrease in land area assigned to timberland and negative economic growth between 2007 and 2012. 158, 308318, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.150 (2017). As described above, direct SMOG impacts have decreased substantially in these two sectors specifically. The values in P are commodity-specific deflation ratios where a value of Pc,y is a ratio of model USD:year y USD for commodity c. Values in P are prepared with Eq. & Birney, C. USEEIO v2.0.1-411 Build and Validation Script. The values in v2.0 resulting from Eq. Depending on the table resolution, these categories are further divided into one or more subcategories. Environ. In v2.0, the USDA CoA land in farms data are used as an allocation source, rather than as a primary data source. These factors are intended for quantifying emissions from purchased goods and services using the spend-based method defined in the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions. The GHG Protocol defines 15 categories of scope 3 emissions, though not every category will be relevant to all organizations (see Figure 1). The report states that a critical contribution is the development of a waste input-output model designed to capture the material inputs (production sectors like mining, energy, materials, parts and products) and outputs (waste and material separation and reprocessing, of products, services and wastes). PubMed EPA 430-R-18-003 https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2016 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). Additionally, the use of Electricity and Truck transport by agricultural sectors are the greatest contributors to SMOG from non-agricultural sectors. The employment sector attribution model is created by importing and formatting the 2017 BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) table58. The result is available in the National Criteria and Hazardous Air Pollutant Totals By Industry 2017 v1.1 dataset32. In Water_national_2015_m1, mining water withdrawals are allocated to 6-digit NAICS using employment data published by BLS QCEW. For the disaggregated waste management sectors, these rows represent the use of the disaggregated waste management service commodities by industries. Ranking sectors based a composite score of selected total impacts associated with total US demand is used as a means of prioritization in the SMM Prioritization Tools. The modeling steps were written in Python and consolidated into a software package called flowsa. In v1.2, MLUs Total Timberland was assigned to timberland, while in v2.0, MLUs Forest-use land not grazed was assigned to timberland. A main assumption in the disaggregation of waste management sectors is that the receivers of waste flows are being paid for waste treatment. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Emissions from purchased goods and services and capital goods represent a significant emissions source for many organizations. QCEW was chosen for the sector attribution model, as QCEW data is one of the primary data sources for the National Employment Matrix and as the National Employment Matrix database primary purpose is for national-level employment predictions60. J. It may also yield insights into changes in US industry environmental performance that may be of interest to users that have used a v1 model either directly or via an interface like the SMM Prioritization Tools. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 5, where xi,z is the year industry output for industry i in the currency year, z, corresponding to the year of the national flow totals. and JavaScript. led software development for useeior, developed the crosswalk methodology and wrote the associated section of the manuscript, curated all economic input data, performed model validation, and visualized the results. Figure 2 shows an example progression over time of improvement and expansion. Industry underlying estimates. 31. is composed of xs:x output ratios and identical in its indices (rows and column identifiers) to B. The mineral extraction data driving the MRNL impacts was not updated in v2.0. To solve the first problem, BEA-NAICS correspondence for these sectors is approximated after careful inspection and comparison of their definitions in BEA and NAICS systems. Federal government (defense) climbed from 17th to 7th due to an increased relative amount of HTOX. The approach used to disaggregate this sector provides 6-digit NAICS granularity, which is the most detailed NAICS designation given in the official classification.

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