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Accordingly, the rite of ceremony changes the social status of the child from being considered as girls to boys; it represents the birth of sons. Corporal punishment of dabballe is strictly prohibited. Gadaa was developed over five centuries with the purpose to foster social, political, economic and military matters collectively. However, in the case of the Gadaa political system, as long as they (semi-retired men) are not declared individually incapable due to factors such as incapacity (physical or mental) and not fully retired (traditionally known as yuubomu that is after completing the four yuuba period); they have duty to serve as legal experts and advisers to Gadaa council in power. A political party known as GSAP (Gadaa System Advancement Party) bases its ideology on the principles of Gadaa. endobj The objectives of this study were to assess the status of tick infestation in relation to climate change, teats blinding and milk production and to estimate the economic losses caused as a result of the effect However, its use of genealogical generations as its organizing elements makes it different and unique. They ensured that the laws made in the higher levels of authority reached the people. It was the central institution of the Oromo people that contain complex and extraordinary features. Only those between 32-40 years are allowed to be part of this special Borana Defense Forces. All activities and life of each and every member of the Oromo was guided by an egalitarian socio-economic and political structure of the society calledtheGadasystem. The system organized male Oromos according to age-sets (hirya) based on chronological age, and according to generation-sets (luba) based on genealogical generation, for social and political and economic purposes. They serve their community for eight years and meet three times in those years. The former Oromo traditional leader, Abba Gadaa Hiddoo Galgaloo of the Hawattu Assembly, was killed in a car accident on May 27th, 2009. Hence the rightful son (ilma kormaa), elite children that are born during fatherhood stage, is the one born when his father is at fifth Gadaa grade, the Raba grade. As of today the Borana boundaries were infiltrated by all three current governments surrounding the Borana territory which include Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia. Like modern parliaments today this Borana parliament would summon sittings to make, repeal or ensure that the laws were being followed. an Abba bokkuu or Abbaa Gada. Gada is an existing system in Borana Oromo. Another feature of senior gamme is their elevation to the Gada class. The Oromo society was structured in accordance with this Gada system. However, others recognize the eleven Gadaa grades but they vary on the question of how long a Gadaa grade take in years. These two concepts , The interval between the entry of father and the son in the system (I) and. Councils like these have sat down under similar circumstances in the gentle late afternoon sun, for the last five hundred years. Gadaa Grade is the stage of full political maturity and became the ruling party for the following eight years. The ruling group has the responsibility to assign senior leaders and experts to instruct and counsel these young men in the importance of leadership, organization, and warfare. The yuuba (semi-retired assemblymen) cover four Gadaa grades: yuuba VII, yuuba VIII, yuuba IX, and yuuba X. . Among other Gadaa businesses conducted at this level, the following are the most striking ones: First, it is at this grade where the Gadaa class and age-sets come into play as formal corporate groups. The president was called the Abba boku. They ensured that the laws made in the higher levels of authority reached the people. It is through a formal rite of passage that previously semi-retired assemblymen enter into the final Gadaa grade. These forms of government have its own leader called Abba Gada, and Abba . There were four senior councilors in this assembly. <<51B1CC5AE372B54BB6E33B35BC5182B1>]/Prev 120898>> As to the question, how many Gadaa grades are there and how long do they exactly take, it has been differently approached by several interpreters of the Gadaa System. [8] Another estimate in 2019 suggests 874,000 Boranas in Ethiopia, 210,000 in Kenya and 10,000 in Somalia.[9]. Participedia Contributors, "The Gadaa System of the Oromo People," last modified September 7, 2018, Retrieved from, This page was last edited on 2 January 2023, at 05:08. Since the principle of five intervals stated hereinabove, in most cases, are not observed among the Boran people, children continue to be born (before the father reaches fifth Gadaa grade or after the father passed this stage). Spiritually, Boranas have a supreme spiritual leader known as Fite Qalu. Nevertheless, water resources scarcity in the country is to be understood in terms of its spatial and temporal distributions. 0 By Kana Golicha on 19th February 2022 | . Of course, the legacy of ones family and the past accomplishments of a clan councilor has a great influence in the decision that is made to nominate the would-be councilors. Political Participation is open to all Borana, decisions are taken under the guidance of the ritual leaders, the Abba Gadaa and the councilors. That is, unlike the case of junior gamme the senior gamme will be constituted into two institutions: age sets and Gada class. Boranas also have special warriors that defend the community from any enemies. It is a simpler institution, called age-sets (hariyya) that was then introduced to serve as a subsidiary institution that supplements the social, maturational and military functions. As a result problem in a relation to incorporation of late or early born children often arises. Second, in Boran Gadaa System there are five Gadaa classes that are basically cyclic (i.e. Just another site . While in the case of the former there will be the exchange of scepter (symbol of authority); in case of the later, however, they exchange incense which is the symbol of sacredness. Each one of the Gadaa class has diversity and unity. However, to be initiated to the Gadaa system, in principle, they have to be always five Gadaa grades apart from their father. Hence, among the Borana, late-born sons of a man should be introduced to the same Gadaa grade as his brothers despite the difference in their age. Politically, it has a system of government where the overall leader is God himself and many unknown things are referred as 'Waqa Bekh', a sentence that can be equated to a Supreme Being knows. The story featured may in some cases have been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content. At the stage of grade four, the Gadaa classes and the age set come into being as a formal corporate group: Leaders are elected for both groups. Gada Harboora is considered to be the senior of the three assemblies and it is also the Gada assembly for all of the Borana society. Therefore, the Boran did arrange a pragmatic system for the sons of elders by allowing them to be treated as equals despite differences in their ages. First, individuals who are leaving gadamojji grade are the fathers of the members of the sixth Gada grade (Gada class in power). This was a very unusual moment in the Boran history of power transfer ceremonies. As discussed elsewhere, a son born to a man at the fifth Gadaa grade (raba) will be introduced to the first Gadaa grade and such children are commonly named as daballe. This system is not only well developed and well preserved among the Borana Oromo but also a viable socio-political system to date, comparable to no other region in Oromiya. Nevertheless, they continue to gather as many age-mates as they can during this period too. 0000009729 00000 n For five hundred years, the Borana have religiously followed this system of ruling themselves because it has kept them together, in unity. RM HWJN1P - Kura Jarso the 71st Borana Oromo Abba gadaa in his house, Oromia, Yabelo, Ethiopia. Below this assembly was the Hayyus or councillors who made the less weighty decisions. Both types of social groups are formed every eight years. 3 0 obj Abagadha is anointed at an early age of 1-8 years. Since then their system remains full tradition. This begins when sons join the system as members of Gadaa class (generation class or set) forty years after their fathers and continue passing from one Gadaa grade to the next every eight years. the former is horizontal and refers to the collective, the latter is vertical and defines the responsibilities assumed successively throughout their careers. Men who married could also participate or send representatives to the assembly. Portuguese products available Online we mail to all lower 48 states. That is a son gets introduced to a specific Gadaa grade, which correlates to the Gadaa class of his father, and subsequently changes his grade every eight years as a member of his cohort. QSLBe3x\y+eOkh-5EU/ (LogOut/ It was purely invented by the Oromo and it is one of the most remarkable political systems which was highly democratic with effective legislative and judicial institutions. The Abbaa Boku and his two colleagues are chosen from the oldest or most distinguished families, which are known as `families of Hayu. The principal function of the Abbaa Boku is to preside over the parliament to proclaim the laws, and to act when necessary as a ritual expert in the Gadaa-ceremonies. Both sets of groups pass from one stage of development to the next every eight years. .Married men could also participate or send representatives to the assembly. Whereas Gadaa grades are the phases of development through which the members pass. Herds of cattle or camels were not allowed to go there unless there was an extremely severe drought. Post author: Post published: December 1, 2021 Post category: usmc drill instructor speech Post comments: family tree vincent tan first wife family tree vincent tan first wife Young men are also trained to become junior warriors by taking part in war campaigns and hunting large animals; they learn the practical skills of warfare, military organization, and fighting so that they can engage in battle to defend their country and economic resources. These parties follow the five world views of the Oromo people. 00:00. Since this Gadaa grade is the most essential stage. Keywords: Gadaa, indigenous institution, Oromo, conflict resolution, Awash River Basin, Borana. The Borana custom makes it mandatory that the men and women who belong to the Gada class of Kurraa Jarsso Diddo undergo circumcision only when their Gada class as a whole reaches the Gada stage of active leadership.This is true for other successive Gada classes, the Abba Gada in the Oromo Gada system is rightfully considered as the prime minister rather than a president who can make decisions alone. Occasionally, the Gadaa leaders come from the Ethiopian . As a result, we will have early born and late-born sons. Though the nomenclature of each five cyclic Gadaa classes varies across the Oromo land, in essence, all are the same. Due to this Borana lost much of their top grazing land far from their central area where they used to take their animals during the drought. The Oromo have used age-sets because generation-sets cannot be an effective means to mobilize troops and a quite distinct organization based on the closeness of age . The Concept of Peace in the Oromo Gadaa System: Its Mechanisms and Moral Dimension. Boranas living in Kenya and Ethiopia speak a dialect of Oromo and those living in central Somalia share a dialect with Dirr communities of Somalia, a language that is closely related to both Borana Language and Somali Language. The Borana age-set (hariyya) is an institution or organized on age and generational relationships. 0000004275 00000 n Following the rite of passage, therefore, the junior gamme assume responsibilities such as looking after sheep and other simple duties. The Aba Gada leaders of the Guji-Oromo people, an ethnic Oromo subgroup who inhabit southern Ethiopia, have declared the Shene-Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) - a group that operates in the bushes of Southwestern Ethiopia as an "enemy of the Oromo people". Abba Gadas is an egalitarian socio-economic and political system of the Oromo people, in which power rotates between five Gadaa classes every eight years. Dabballe is unique and they have a special place in the Boran society. Their time cuts across two consecutive supreme leaders and they serve and take instructions from both. 0000006983 00000 n The Boran did manage this problem due to two reasons: the adoption of a pragmatic solution for late-born sons; and early born sons are small in number as compared to the late-born sons which enabled Gadaa to sustain among them. Accordingly, the Jalab appoints Qae (village) in charge of villages under him. The election of the Gadaa councilors takes place at the time when the rite of passage of the senior gamme to Kusa Gadaa grade takes place. cyclic but neither in a sense of reincarnation nor is it a closed cycle. 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