test of lepton universality in beauty quark decays naturehow to get insurance to pay for surgery

Hunter,T. P. Jones,M. Kenzie,M. Kreps,T. Latham,O. Lupton,E. Millard,A. G. Morris,B. Pagare,M. Ramos Pernas,N. Sahoo&M. Vesterinen, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fsicas (CBPF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, J. Baptista Leite,I. Bediaga,M. Cruz Torres,J. M. De Miranda,A. C. dos Reis,A. Gomes,A. Massafferri,G. Punzi&D. Torres Machado, W. Barter,M. Birch,M. J. Bradley,A. Golutvin,M. Hecker,F. Kress,T. Lin,M. McCann,R. D. Moise,R. Newcombe,M. Patel,M. Smith&D. Websdale, M. Bartolini,R. Cardinale,F. Fontanelli,A. Petrolini&A. Sergi, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow, Russia, F. Baryshnikov,S. Didenko,A. Golutvin,S. Gromov,A. Ishteev,A. Kondybayeva,S. Legotin,N. Polukhina,D. Saranin,I. Shchemerov,E. Shmanin,O. Steinkamp,D. Strekalina,E. Trifonova,E. Ursov&E. van Herwijnen, I. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, J. M. Basels,L. Carus,S. Escher,A. Guth,J. Heuel,T. Kirn,S. Kretzschmar,C. Langenbruch,M. Materok,S. Nieswand,S. Schael,E. Smith&V. Zhukov, G. Bassi,F. Bedeschi,F. Lazzari,A. Lusiani,M. J. Morello,L. Pica,M. Rama,R. Ribatti,G. Tuci&J. Walsh, INFN Sezione di Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy, S. Belin,D. Brundu,S. Cadeddu,A. Cardini,A. Contu,F. Dettori,F. Dordei,M. Garau,A. Lai,A. Lampis,R. Litvinov,A. Loi,G. Manca,P. Muzzetto,R. Oldeman,B. Saitta&J. A weighted least-squares method is then employed to find the precise vertex position. Test of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays Standard Model of particle physics currently predicts that the different charged leptons, the electron, muon and tau, have identical electroweak interaction strengths. J. High Energy Phys. They involve the transformation of a beauty quark into a strange quark (bs), a process that is highly suppressed in the SM and can be affected by the existence of new particles. Article Phys. The calibrated simulation is used subsequently to obtain the m(K++) mass shape and relative fractions of these background components. The BDT output is not strongly correlated with q2, and the same classifiers are used to select the respective resonant decays. 4 Likelihood function from the fit to the nonresonant. As a result, the different lepton types should be created equally often in particle transformations, or "decays", once differences in their mass are accounted for. Eur. Extended Data Fig. ISSN 1745-2481 (online) 2016, 65 (2016). J. 2014, 125 (2014). For the muon modes, the residual background is combinatorial and, for the resonant mode, there is an additional contribution from B+J/+ decays with a pion misidentified as a kaon. Search for B+K++ at the BaBar experiment. The ATLAS and CMS experiments may also be able to contribute73,74. J. Phys. 3. B. Coelho,F. Desse,F. Machefert,E. M. Niel,P. Robbe,M. H. Schune&G. Wormser, L. Anderlini,A. Bizzeti,G. Graziani,S. Mariani,G. Passaleva&M. Veltri, M. Andreotti,W. Baldini,C. Bozzi,R. Calabrese,M. Fiorini,E. Franzoso,C. Giugliano,P. Griffith,M. Guarise,S. Kotriakhova,E. Luppi,A. Minotti,L. Minzoni,I. Neri,L. L. Pappalardo,B. Passalacqua,B. G. Siddi,I. Slazyk,L. Tomassetti&S. Vecchi, Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitt Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, F. Archilli,S. Bachmann,D. Berninghoff,M. Borsato,G. Frau,D. Gerick,J. P. Grabowski,P. A. Gnther,X. Han,S. Hansmann-Menzemer,J. Hu,R. Kopecna,B. Leverington,P. Li,H. Malygina,J. Lange, D. J. 10, 075 (2016). A distinctive feature of the SM is that the different leptons, electron (e), muon () and tau (\(\tau^{-}\)), have the same interaction strengths. CMS collaboration Angular analysis of the decay B0K*0+ from pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=8\) TeV. Nucl. 115, 111803 (2015); erratum 115, 159901 (2015). The LHCb experiment75,76 is instrumented in the region covering the polar angles between 10 and 250mrad around the proton beam axis, in which the products from B hadron decays can be efficiently captured and identified. Energy Phys. 3,4,5,6,7), at the level of 0.10% (3.1 standard deviations), giving evidence for the violation of lepton universality in these decays. Altmannshofer, W. & Straub, D. M. New physics in BK*? D 95, 035029 (2017). The green and purple components correspond to candidates with \({q}_{{{{\rm{t}}}}rue}^{2} > 6.0\) GeV 2/c4 and \({q}_{{{{\rm{t}}}}rue}^{2} < 1.1\) GeV 2/c4, respectively. Blum, A., Kalai, A. Nature Physics thanks Akimasa Ishikawa, Marcella Bona and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. J. The Standard Model of particle physics currently provides our best description of fundamental particles and their interactions. This effect is accounted for using simulation (Extended Data Figs. LHCb collaboration. 118, 031802 (2017). Extended Data Table 1 Nonresonant and resonant mode. The value of RK is a fit parameter, which is related to the signal yields and efficiencies according to. Bremsstrahlung photons can be added to none, either or both of the final-state e+ and e candidates. Agostinelli, S. et al. 103, 171801 (2009). Eur. The techniques used to identify the different particles and to form B+ candidates are described in Methods. The corresponding parameters are then fixed in the fits to the relevant non-resonant modes. The y-axis in each figure shows the number of candidates in an interval of the indicated width. J. Phys. The yields observed in these four decay modes and the ratios of efficiencies determined from simulated events then enable an RK measurement with statistically dominated uncertainties. The variables m(K++) and mJ/(K++) are used for nonresonant and resonant decays, respectively. 3). D 88, 072012 (2013). & Rusov, A. V. BsK and B(s)(K)+ decays at large recoil and CKM matrix elements. Compared with the previous LHCb RK result11, the experimental method is essentially identical but the analysis uses an additional 4fb1 of data collected in 2017 and 2018. 118, 251802 (2017). In addition to B+J/K+ decays, clear signals are observed from B+(2S)K+ decays. Straub, D. M. flavio: a python package for flavour and precision phenomenology in the standard model and beyond. The veto requirements retain 97% of B+K++ and 95% of B+K+e+e decays passing all other selection requirements. Decays of the form \({B}^{+}\to {\overline{D}}^{0}(\to {K}^{+}{e}^{-}{\overline{\nu }}_{e}){e}^{+}{\nu }_{e}\) also contribute at the level of \({{{\mathcal{O}}}}(1 \%)\) of the B+K+e+e signal; and there is also a contribution from B+J/(e+e)K+ decays, where a photon is emitted but not reconstructed. Aaij, R. et al. Aaltonen, T. et al. The trigger selection algorithms are based on identifying key characteristics of B hadrons and their decay products, such as high pT final-state particles, and a decay vertex that is significantly displaced from any of the PVs in the event. Phys. The latest LHCb result is the first test of lepton universality made using the decays of beauty baryonsthree-quark particles containing at least one beauty quark. Capdevila, B., Descotes-Genon, S., Hofer, L. & Matias, J. Hadronic uncertainties in BK*+: a state-of-the-art analysis. The EvtGen particle decay simulation package. The relative fraction of partially reconstructed background in each trigger category is also shared across the different data-taking periods. The LHCb collaboration et al. J. To train the classifier, simulated non-resonant B+K++ decays are used as a proxy for the signal and non-resonant K++ candidates selected from the data with m(K++)>5.4GeV c2 are used as a background sample. He,W. Huang,H. Liu,X. Lyu,R. Ma,W. Qian,J. Qin,Z. Xiang,J. Xu,Q. Xu,Z. Xu,S. Yang,Y. Yang,Y. Zheng,X. Zhou,Y. Zhou&Z. Zhu, L. Capriotti,A. Carbone,A. Falabella,F. Ferrari,D. Galli,S. Maccolini,D. Manuzzi,U. Marconi,C. Patrignani,S. Perazzini,M. Soares,V. Vagnoni,G. Valenti&S. Zucchelli, L. Capriotti,A. Carbone,F. Ferrari,D. Galli,S. Maccolini,D. Manuzzi,C. Patrignani&S. Zucchelli, INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy, Institute Of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Beijing, China, I. Carli,S. Chen,Y. Li,Y. Li,S. Liu,Y. Lu,L. Ma,M. Tobin,J. Wang&Q. Zou, Univ. The B+ momentum vector is required to be aligned with the vector connecting one of the PVs in the event (below referred to as the associated PV) and the B+ decay vertex. Phys. The B+J/(+)K+ decays are not suppressed and hence have a branching fraction orders of magnitude larger than that of B+K++ decays. Test of lepton universality using B+K++ decays. Instrum. The standard model of particle physics currently provides our best description of fundamental particles and their interactions. universality in B-meson decays. 5). 109, 101802 (2012). 118, 111801 (2017). Towards the discovery of new physics with lepton-universality ratios of bs decays. 2015, 179 (2015). The shape of the B+J/+ background contribution is taken from simulation, but the size with respect to the B+J/K+ mode is constrained using the known ratio of the relevant branching fractions2,94 and efficiencies. However, the strong force does not couple directly to leptons, hence its effect on the B+K++ and B+K+e+e decays is identical. Phys.) The pT of the final state particles, the vertex-fit 2 and the significance of the flight distance have the most discriminating power. A comparison with previous measurements is shown in Fig. High. Article J. Instrum. The theory predicts that the different charged leptons, the electron, muon and tau, have . We acknowledge support from CERN and from the national agencies: CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ and FINEP (Brazil); MOST and NSFC (China); CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG and MPG (Germany); INFN (Italy); NWO (Netherlands); MNiSW and NCN (Poland); MEN/IFA (Romania); MSHE (Russia); MICINN (Spain); SNSF and SER (Switzerland); NASU (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE NP and NSF (United States). High. C 79, 719 (2019). The performance of the particle identification requirements is then evaluated from the proportion of events in these samples which fulfil the particle identification selection criteria. Test of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays LHCb collaboration Nature Physics 18 , 277-282 ( 2022) Cite this article 8068 Accesses 76 Citations 29 Altmetric Metrics Abstract. The detector includes a high-precision tracking system with a dipole magnet, providing measurements of momentum and impact parameter (IP), defined for charged particles as the minimum distance of a track to a primary protonproton interaction vertex (PV). Background from other exclusive B-hadron decays requires at least two particles to be misidentified. D 96 (2017) 095010 [ arXiv:1704.06659] [ INSPIRE ]. Conf. The LHCb collaboration et al. Horgan, R. R., Liu, Z., Meinel, S. & Wingate, M. Calculation of B0K*0+ and \({B}_{s}^{0}\to \ \ \phi {\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}\) observables using form factors from lattice QCD. A significant proportion (0.7%) of this uncertainty comes from the limited knowledge of the K spectrum in B(0,+)K+(,0)e+e decays. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Phys. Such background is reduced to a negligible level by particle identification criteria. refers to partially reconstructed B hadron decays. D 97, 012004 (2018). The 1.9% uncertainty on the B+J/K+ branching fraction2 gives rise to the dominant systematic uncertainty. Clemencic, M. et al. Reassessing the discovery potential of the B + K + + l + +l - decays in the large-recoil region: SM challenges and BSM opportunities, Physical Review D93: 014028. arXiv:1412.3183. Phys. Uncertainties on the data points are statistical only and represent one standard deviation, calculated assuming Poisson-distributed entries. Marks,D. J. Unverzagt,U. Uwer,C. Wang,L. Witola&A. Zhelezov, Institute for High Energy Physics NRC Kurchatov Institute (IHEP NRC KI), Protvino, Russia, A. Artamonov,K. Belous,Y. Guz,S. Kholodenko,V. Obraztsov,S. Poslavskii,V. Romanovskiy,M. Shapkin,O. Stenyakin&O. Yushchenko, M. Artuso,B. Batsukh,A. Beiter,H. C. Bernstein,S. Blusk,S. Ely,Z. Li,X. Liang,R. Mountain,M. E. Olivares,T. T. H. Pham,M. Poliakova,I. Polyakov,M. S. Rudolph,J. D. Shupperd,T. Skwarnicki,S. Stone,A. Venkateswaran,M. Wilkinson,H. Wu,Y. Yao&X. Yuan, Yandex School of Data Analysis, Moscow, Russia, K. Arzymatov,V. Belavin,M. Borisyak,T. Gaintseva,A. Philippov,S. Popov,F. Ratnikov&A. Ustyuzhanin, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, E. Aslanides,J. Cerasoli,J. Cogan,D. Gerstel,R. Le Gac,O. Leroy,G. Mancinelli,C. Meaux,P. K. Resmi,A. Poluektov,R. I. Rabadan Trejo&D. Vom Bruch, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, CNRS/IN2P3, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France, B. Audurier,V. Balagura,F. Fleuret,F. A. Garcia Rosales&E. Maurice, Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland, M. Bachmayer,A. It would therefore constitute a significant evolution in our understanding and would challenge an inference based on a wealth of experimental data in other processes. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. In the remainder of this paper, the notation B+K++ is used to denote only decays with 1.10.95 due to the comparatively low yield of B+K+e+e events. Nucl. & Maiani, L. Weak interactions with leptonhadron symmetry. Phys. Correlations between different categories of selected events and data-taking periods are taken into account in these constraints. Aaij, R. et al. At the LHC, proton-proton collisions produce copious numbers of bottom quarks and antiquarks, most of which become B mesons. These include the decays B+K++, and misreconstructed B+J/(+)K+ and B+(2S)(+)K+ decays. Measurements of other RH observables with the full LHCb dataset will provide further information on the quark-level processes measured. Lett. Test of lepton flavor universality by the measurement of the B0D*+ branching fraction using three-prong decays. Allison, J. et al. This article presents evidence for the breaking of lepton universality in beauty-quark decays, with a significance of 3.1 standard deviations, based on proton-proton collision data collected with the LHCb detector . 125, 011802 (2020). Introduction In the Standard Model of particle physics (SM), the interactions of the three lepton avours with the gauge bosons exhibit the same coupling strength. The LHCb simulation application, Gauss: design, evolution and experience. D 86, 032012 (2012). The ATLAS collaboration et al. Angular analysis of the B0K*0+ decay using 3fb1 of integrated luminosity. Test of lepton flavor universality and search for lepton flavor violation in BK decays. Beating the hold-out: bounds for K-fold and progressive cross-validation. This is because a given set of values for the final-state particles momenta and angles in the B+ rest frame will result in a distribution of such values when transformed to the laboratory frame. Following the procedure described in refs. Lett. Eur. & Virto, J. Measurement of branching fractions and rate asymmetries in the rare decays BK(*)+. Distribution of m(K+e+e) in simulated B+K+e+e decays. The region between the dashed vertical lines is rejected. High Energy Phys. 331, 032047 (2011). The classifier includes the following variables: the pT of the B+, K+ and dilepton candidates, and the minimum and maximum pT of the leptons; the B+, dilepton and K+\({\chi }_{{{{\rm{IP}}}}}^{2}\) with respect to the associated PV, where \({\chi }_{{{{\rm{IP}}}}}^{2}\) is defined as the difference in the vertex-fit 2 of the PV reconstructed with and without the considered particle; the minimum and maximum \({\chi }_{{{{\rm{IP}}}}}^{2}\) of the leptons; the B+ vertex-fit quality; the statistical significance of the B+ flight distance; and the angle between the B+ candidate momentum vector and the direction between the associated PV and the B+ decay vertex. Such a modification can be realized in new physics models with an additional heavy neutral boson or with leptoquarks. Phys. C 74, 2897 (2014); erratum 74, 3179 (2014). Extensions to the SM that aim to address many of its shortfalls predict new virtual particles that could contribute to \(\overline{b}\to \overline{s}\) transitions (Fig. Individual groups or members have received support from ARC and ARDC (Australia); AvH Foundation (Germany); EPLANET, Marie Skodowska-Curie Actions and ERC (European Union); A*MIDEX, ANR, Labex P2IO and OCEVU, and Rgion Auvergne-Rhne-Alpes (France); Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS, CAS PIFI, CAS CCEPP, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and Sci. The overall effect of these corrections on the measured value of RK is a relative shift of (+31)%. The LHCb collaboration et al. & Langford J. The four signal modes are modelled by multiple Gaussian functions with power-law tails on both sides of the peak91,92, although the differing detector response gives different shapes for the electron and muon modes. . Quantum field theory allows such a process to be mediated by virtual particles that can have a physical mass larger than the energy available in the interaction. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Isidori, G., Nabeebaccus, S. & Zwicky, R. QED corrections in \(\overline{B}\to \overline{K}{{{{\rm{\ell }}}}}^{+}{{{{\rm{\ell }}}}}^{-}\) at the double-differential level. s Lees, J. P. et al. Wei J.-T. et al. 126, 161802 (2021). Previous measurements have shown that a wide range of particle decays are consistent with this principle of lepton universality. Rev. An unbinned extended maximum-likelihood fit is made to the m(K+e+e) and m(K++) distributions of non-resonant candidates. 2020, 40 (2020). Bezshyiko,A. Buonaura,D. De Simone,V. Denysenko,J. Eschle,M. Ferrillo,D. Lancierini,O. Lantwin,A. Mathad,K. Mller,P. Owen,N. Serra,R. Silva Coutinho,O. Steinkamp&Z. Wang, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK, T. Ackernley,T. J. V. Bowcock,G. Casse,A. J. Chadwick,C. A. Chavez Barajas,K. Dreimanis,S. Farry,V. Franco Lima,T. Halewood-leagas,J. P. Hammerich,T. Harrison,K. Hennessy,D. Hutchcroft,P. J. Marshall,J. V. Mead,K. Rinnert,E. Rodrigues,T. Shears,K. A. Thomson,E. Vilella Figueras,H. M. Wark&L. E. Yeomans, Instituto Galego de Fsica de Altas Enerxas (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, B. Adeva,P. Baladron Rodriguez,O. Boente Garcia,A. Brea Rodriguez,A. Casais Vidal,V. Chobanova,X. Cid Vidal,J. Dalseno,L. Dieste Maronas,A. Fernandez Prieto,A. Gallas Torreira,B. Garcia Plana,A. Giovent,J. Lomba Castro,D. Martinez Santos,C. J. Parkinson,M. Plo Casasus,C. Prouve,M. Romero Lamas,A. Romero Vidal,J. J. Saborido Silva,C. Santamarina Rios,S. Sellam,R. Vazquez Gomez&P. Vazquez Regueiro, H.H. The B+ production kinematics are corrected using B+J/(+)K+ events. For the non-resonant B+K+e+e decays, the systematic uncertainties are dominated by the modelling of the signal and background components used in the fit. 18 (2022) 277 [ arXiv:2103.11769] [ INSPIRE ]. D 94, 072007 (2016). This is known as lepton universality. The ratio between the branching fractions of these decays is therefore predicted with \({{{\mathcal{O}}}}(1 \%)\) precision3,4,5,6,7,8. Measurement of the branching ratio of \({B}^{0}\to \ \ {D}^{(*)}{\tau }^{-}{\overline{\nu }}_{\tau }\) relative to \(\overline{B}\to \ \ {D}^{(*)}{\ell }^{-}{\overline{\nu }}_{\ell }\) decays with hadronic tagging at Belle. Lepton-flavor-dependent angular analysis of BK*+. A test statistic is constructed that is based on the likelihood ratio between two hypotheses with common (null) or different (test) RK values for the part of the sample analysed previously (7, 8 and part of the 13TeV data) and for the new portion of the 13TeV data. Ser. W. Altmannshofer, P.S. Rev. Performance of the ATLAS level-1 topological trigger in run 2. J. The region to the left of the vertical dashed line is rejected. 108, 081807 (2012). Lett. Precision measurements of \({{{\mathcal{B}}}}[\psi (3686)\to \ \ {\pi }^{+}{\pi }^{-}J/\psi ]\) and \({{{\mathcal{B}}}}[J/\psi \to \ \ {\ell }^{+}{\ell }^{-}]\). J. Mod. 2013, 010 (2013). Previous measurements have shown that a wide range of particle decays are consistent with this principle of lepton universality. Resolution effects similarly motivate the choice of non-resonant q2 regions, with a lower limit that excludes contributions from -meson decays and an upper limit that reduces the tail from B+J/(e+e)K+ decays. 2,65), the RK ratio is determined via the double ratio of branching fractions, In this equation, each branching fraction can be replaced by the corresponding event yield divided by the appropriate overall detection efficiency (Methods), as all other factors needed to determine each branching fraction individually cancel out. New physics in bs+ confronts new data on lepton universality. J. Angular analysis of \({B}_{d}^{0}\to {K}^{* }{\mu }^{+}{\mu }^{-}\) decays in pp collisions at \(\sqrt{s}=8\) TeV with the ATLAS detector. Mar 22, 2019. The results are consistent between the different data-taking periods and with previous LHCbmeasurements37. Simulated events are weighted to correct for the imperfect modelling using control channels. The analysis technique used to obtain the results presented in this paper is essentially identical to that used to obtain the previous LHCb RK measurement, described in ref. Even though the non-resonant and resonant samples are mutually exclusive as a function of q2, there is significant overlap between them in the quantities on which the efficiency depends, such as the laboratory-frame momenta of the final-state particles or the opening angle between the two leptons. 178, 852867 (2008). The selection requirements applied to the non-resonant and resonant decays are otherwise identical. Kaon and muon candidates are identified using the output of multivariate classifiers that exploit information from the tracking system, the ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors, the calorimeters and the muon chambers. The particle identification performance is calibrated using data, where the species of particles in the final state can be unambiguously determined purely on the basis of the kinematics. For the non-resonant muon mode and for each of the three different trigger categories of the non-resonant electron mode, a single BDT classifier is trained for the 7 and 8TeV data, and an additional classifier is trained for the 13TeV data. Khodjamirian, A. The PVs are reconstructed by searching for space points where an accumulation of track trajectories is observed. J. Capdevila, B., Descotes-Genon, S., Matias, J. ). Rev. (Left) the value of rJ/, relative to the average value of rJ/, measured in two-dimensional bins of the maximum lepton momentum, p(), and the opening angle between the two leptons, (+,). 4 has been added to the HEPData platform at https://www.hepdata.net/record/ins1852846?version=1. These fractions are observed to agree well with those observed in resonant events selected from the data. J. Instrum. Jger, S. & Martin Camalich, J. This uncertainty includes both statistical and systematic effects, where the latter dominate.

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