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But only four were executed, including Otto Ohlendorf, a notorious SS commander. It would be bad for the soul of the German people, McCloy went on, to put these things under the carpet. I tell him I will be down to make a call after the first drop. Ohlendorf said that Himmler until the very end believed that an agreement could be struck and that he hoped to be the Allies' "confidence man in Europe. The meeting took place in McCloys offices in a Frankfort building that had once been the headquarters of the I. G. Farben empire. It is cold up here in the loft of the prison workshop which has now been temporarily outfitted for this unusual purpose. 0003: Britt steps back, glances at Graham. The public reaction to McCloys announcement was exactly as anticipated. Is their defense persuasive to you? 2100: Graham is excited over report from Munich newspaper to the effect that there has been another stay of execution. He refuses to comment. The Possibilities and Limits of Forgiveness, 56 high-ranking SS and other police officers, including 24 leaders of the, 23 doctors who participated in the Nazi medical killing program that targeted mentally and physically disabled people and conducted experiments on camp prisoners; and. Britt adjusts the noose over the mans hooded head. He tweets @AndrewNagorski. I study his photograph, compare it with the man. How does Doris Bergens statement that the Nazis did not force people to be killers affect your opinion of the way Hss and Ohlendorf explain their choices? He was not yet a teenager when Germany suffered a crushing defeat in World War I. Mr. Britt is testing the rope now; he lifts and then lowers himself on the closed trap. I never had a German come up to me and say Im sorry all the time I was in Germany, he told me. The 24 defendants in Case #9 were all leading members of Einsatzgruppen that operated on the Eastern Front during World War II. [6], Ohlendorf joined the SD in 1936 and became an economic consultant of the organisation. Otto Ohlendorf, one of the most notorious SS officials in Nazi Germany, was captured and interrogated extensively after the war. They access the appalling and almost incomprehensible atmosphere of the final moments of these men, women, and childrenand the murderers and their auxiliaries who organized and carried out the killing. Then the members of the Special Task Force marched them off, ostensibly to a place of transportation. I have lost my parents, my relatives and friends in the concentration camps. Start your risk free trial with unlimited access. June 6, 1951 Forced at gunpoint to jump down into these pits, they were shot after pleading for their own lives and those of their families and neighbors. The Einsatzgruppen trial (officially, The United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et al.) Ohlendorf described the broad extent of Himmler's "degrading" and "unworthy" efforts to gain a post in the Doenitz government and Himmler's real anger on hearing that he was an "encumbrance" who would do the new government more harm than good. He didnt know what they were for a moment, suspected a suicide attempt. Students analyze images and film that convey the richness of Jewish life across Europe at the time of the Nazis ascension to power. The following year he returned to economic research, becoming Ministerial Director and deputy to the State Secretary in the Ministry of Economics. Ohlendorf. He closes with a soft amen. Britt throws the black hood over Blobels head. Caloric content per man per day is the same as that of the GI, 3,600 calories. Otto Ohlendorf in MyHeritage family trees (Family site (Family Tree Legends)) view all Immediate Family Conrad Christoph Carl Ohlendorf father Ernestine Wilhelmine called Minn. mother Emilie Emmie von Roeder sister Carl Ohlendorf brother Julius Ohlendorf brother Albert Ohlendorf brother Herman Ohlendorf brother Ida Emilie Caroline Thoene sister Otto Ohlendorf was convicted of crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during World War II. Left to right: Kthe Ohlendorf, wife of Otto Ohlendorf; Margot Schmidt, wife of Hans Theodor Schmidt, adjutant at Buchenwald concentration camp; von Ysenburg, who brought word to the wives of the reprieve; Magda Braune, wife of Werner Braune; and Elisabeth Naumann, wife of Erich Naumann. Crimes against peace: participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of invasions, aggressive wars, etc. The other Einsatzgruppen commanders charged in Case #9 were: The remaining defendants were commanders or deputy commanders of subordinate units. Himmler then had an adjutant take the letter to Montgomery. [3] Ohlendorf was active in the National Socialist Students' League in both Kiel and Gttingen and taught at the Nazi Party's school in Berlin. His face is that of a storekeeper or a teacher. Their names were Paul Blobel, Werner Braune, Erich Naumann, Otto Ohlendorf, Oswald Pohl, Georg Schallermair, and Hans Schmidt. Because of Ohlendorfs work in this field, petitions for leniency were filed after he was sentenced to death by hanging. The defendant answered: You cant cast pearls before swine., High Commissioner McCloy indicated that in certain cases at Landsberg, new evidence had made it possible to reduce the death sentence to time served. They offer a last chance for confronting not just the legal but the moral issues that the perpetrators have so consistently tried to dodge in the past. Pohl had been the head of an organization, the WVHA (Wirtschafts-und Verwaltungshauptamt), Economic and Administrative Department of the Nazi government, which, as an adjunct of the SS, had administered the concentration camps. Ohlendorfs Einsatzgruppe was responsible for the 13-12-1941 massacre at Simferopol where at least 14,300 people, mostly Jews, were killed. I agree. Gerwarth, Robert. I look at him with astonishment. He says the big brass has conferred, McCloy has talked with General Handy. Of the 28 death sentences, only seven were carried out in June 1951 Pohl and Ohlendorf among them. We wait. Mueller vanished after the war, and for years it was surmised that Mueller offered himself to the U.S. or USSR for intelligence purposes. The appearance of the Einsatzgruppenwas a death sentence for entire Jewish communities. He is clean shaven now and looks older than his 57 years. The Bundestag adopted a unanimous resolution condemning the execution of any of the prisoners. The rope dangles slightly, then suddenly is very still. [41] He did, however, express misgivings about the barbarity and sadism being meted out by the Romanian units that accompanied the Einsatzgruppen in their murderous tasks, since they were not only leaving a trail of corpses in their wake, they were also pillaging and raping in the process. A handsome Negro captain, Artillery, a huge bunch of keys dangling from his belt, tells me in answer to a question that she is Mrs. Oswald Pohl. Of course, the biographical matter issued in connection with the final announcements was not part of the official documentation and was intended simply to help people remember Pohls crimes. On January 2, 1942, Ohlendorf reported that his unit had killed 17,645 Jews between November 16 and December 15, 1941, in western Crimea. Wildt, Michael. Ohlendorf, Naumann, Blobel, and Braune were hanged on June 7, 1951. He joined the SA in 1925 when he was only 18, then Heinrich Himmlers SS the following year. God have mercy on those who murder me. Ultimately, only four of the 14 death sentences were carried out. Translated by Tom Lampert. Then he saw them off as they left Pretzsch to get ready for the invasion. Arrested by British officials in May 1945 along with members of the short-lived Dnitz government, Ohlendorf supplied much information about the SS and Nazi annihilation policy in Eastern Europe to interrogators. . Jesus famously said when he was crucified: Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. The Nazi criminals knew all too well what they were doing. Thats enough. Historian Christian Ingrao quips that for Ohlendorf, Nazism was a "quest for race" in the historical continuum, and even though he never stated it that way, his faith in Germandom was akin to that of his fellow SS intellectuals. On July 29, 1947, the 24 defendants in the Einsatzgruppen Case were indicted for their role in murdering between 723,661 and one million people as part of a systematic program of genocide. The indictment listed three charges: Twenty-four Einsatzgruppen members were charged. .. He could count on two streams of information. I ask him if he will pronounce the men dead. It just seemed a necessity. Someone suggests that the prisoners must be well heeled to have been able to lay out the money it cost to circulate the petition. The Military Tribunals, Mr. McCloy went on, had been set up by men of peace, good will, and great character. Graham shows me a letter from one of the former prison chaplains, a German who refuses to accept an invitation to administer last rites to prisoners. The other defendants had their sentences commuted or were paroled. [4] His role in collecting intelligence from his secret police agents was disliked by some of the Nazi leadership. These, however, were turned down by the Allies. . There were enough willing perpetrators so that coercive force could be reserved for those deemed enemies. Fourteen defendants were sentenced to death. 0014: The sergeant pulls up the body while from the floor below someone disentangles the rope. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. He expressed no remorse for his actions, telling prosecutor Benjamin B Ferenz, a Hungarian-born American lawyer that the Jews of America would suffer for what the prosecutor had done, and seemed to have been more concerned about the moral strain on those carrying out the murders than those being murdered. The cable has come from Washington.. The sergeant aide is looking into the pit where architect Blobel is hanging. Emil Hausmann committed suicide. [19] Supporting military operations, Ohlendorf's group was attached to the Eleventh Army. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW All 22 defendants were found guilty, and four of them, including Ohlendorf, were hanged. Radio transmissions were conducted weekly or bi-weekly under conditions of absolute secrecy. [24] To ensure the group killing mentality, Ohlendorf forbade any commando from taking individual actions and explicitly instructed his men not to take any of the victim's valuables. How did Heydrich ascertain the blood-drenched progress of the Special Task Forces? In November 1944 he was promoted again to Gruppenfhrer. Bickel says the criminals should have been hanged earlier. His remarks have a refreshing banality. There are 513 prisoners in Landsberg as of 2120 hours on June 6. The Nazi system, however, did not work that way. The 24 defendants in Case #9 were all leading members of Einsatzgruppen that operated on the Eastern Front during World War II. 2400: Now we hear footsteps and the voice of a chaplain praying in sonorous German. To put it bluntly, this was a coordinated effort of mass killing enacted by the SS-led Special Task Force and the Wehrmacht. Millions were killed in these camps, and hundreds of thousands died from malnutrition, overwork, and other excesses. Instead, the victims arrived at places where pits, ditches, trenches, or ravines awaited them. Preparations are being completed. Another popular leaflet was a catalogue of the good deeds of Otto Ohlendorf who, by his own uncontroverted testimony, was responsible for slaughtering 60,000 Jews and Gypsies. 9)), is still frequently overlooked. The High Commissioner listened intently, eyes fixed on his scratch pad. 100-year-old tried for war crimes: Germany's continued confrontation with Nazi past The man, who has not been named due to German privacy laws, is charged with "knowingly and willingly" assisting in the murder of 3,518 people as a former SS guard at Sachsenhausen concentration camp. [37] After the victims' deaths, Jewish Sonderkommando were forced to unload the bodies, clean the excrement and feces from inside the van's gas chamber, and once the clean up was complete, were themselves immediately shot. Mr. McCloy invited the delegation to advise him on some of the difficult cases he had to review. They acted on their own. I have committed no crime. was the ninth of the twelve trials for war crimes and crimes against humanity that the US authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II. In the spring of 1941, he assigned a new mission to Ohlendorf. After he had started his blood bath, he was asked whether he would say something for the survivors. Ohlendorf stated that he tried to mitigate any "unnecessary agitation" for the victims during the, Justifying the murder of children, Ohlendorf stated, "the children were people who would grow up and surely being the children of parents who had been killed, they would constitute a danger no smaller than their parents. He hangs up. He was born in Hoheneggelsen on 4 February 1907, the son of a peasant farmer. Hitler envisioned Barbarossa as a modern crusade against Jewish Bolshevism and the Einsatzgruppenwould be at the forefront of this war of subjugation and extermination against the Soviet Union. . Wistrich, Robert. Case #9 is usually referred to as the Einsatzgruppen Case. Behind him is Paul Blobel whose Sonderkommando SS unit was involved in sixteen instances of mass murder, including the killing of 33,000 Jews in the Kiev massacre alone. JAG officers speculate on how any judge in Frankfort could have granted an appeal, with full knowledge of the facts. ". This tribunal was tasked with trying Case #9 of the. They are brought in on huge trays by a young prisoner whose face could be that of a friendly, smiling Kansas farmer. Why might it be difficult to disobey the order of a superior or authority figure? With the onset. Dehler indicated that an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court would be based on these alleged mistakes. Britt is fooling with the second noose. Ohlendorf said that Gestapo Chief Heinrich Mueller was "ordered to stay in Berlin as long as the FHRER remained there, as he shared responsibility for the FHRER's safety." Each chaplain is allowed all the time he needs in the cell with the condemned man before he is led to the gallows. The cameramans flash goes off in a sudden stab of light. He was to lead EinsatzgruppeD, the fourth and final of the Special Task Forces put together for Operation Barbarossa. The town is tense with excitement but no real trouble is expected. How silent it has become. Students develop a contract establishing a reflective classroom community as they prepare to explore the historical case study of this unit. Accounts of Himmler's final days do not mention the letter, so one can only surmise what it said. Interest in the condemned men in Landsberg prisonthe so-called Lands-berg menbegan to mount in Germany around mid-December of 1950 when it became known that High Commissioner McCloy and his colleague, General Handy, had the cases under study. There were pleas from churchmen and politicians, university men and students, former soldiers, disinherited royalty. With Alexander Bickel of the Office of the General Counsel, I motored to Landsberg-on-the-Lech, in Bavaria, on Tuesday the 6th, in an army staff car with a GI driver, arriving at 7 P.M. An attorney from McCloys office was detailed to remain in the Frankfort headquarters of the High Commissioner, where he was in radio-telephone communication with the General Counsels office in the State Department in Washington. He is dressed in a shabby suit and spring topcoat, his shoes have been worn through the soles, his hands are those of a farmer. This Board, consisting of New York State Supreme Court Justice David Peck, Commissioner Frederick A. Moran (the chairman of the New York Board of Parole), and Brigadier General Conrad E. Snow, was not empowered to review the decisions of the Military Tribunals on questions of law or fact, but to consider disparities among the sentences for comparable crimes and other matters which tended to show that the sentences imposed were excessive. The Board was directed to consider anything that might warrant mitigation of sentences.. The crimes for which punishment was being meted out were the worst known in history, and they had to be atoned for in order to prevent their recurrence. The tribunal noted in its judgment that, the charge of purposeful homicide in this case reaches such fantastic proportions and surpasses such credible limits that believability must be bolstered with assurance a hundred times repeated.2. Another newspaper calls to inquire whether it is true that the executions will go forward. What did the shift entail? But those who were most directly involved in the machinery of death were largely immune to any appeals to conscience. The SS and police now pursued, rounded up, and executed women, children, and the elderly.

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