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what did the Virginia legislature do about slavery in 1831 and 1832? It is impossible under the deadly hatred which must spring up between the two great nations, if the present causes are permitted to operate unchecked, that we should continue under the same political system. The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. . You cannot download interactives. A second and, to the clergy who espoused it, more compelling argument in favor of slavery is that they believed slaves benefited from the system that controlled their lives. The pursuit of happiness is often considered an ideal, but it may be possible to have too muchor the wrong kindof a good thing. The Life and Letters of Benjamin Morgan Palmer. All Rights Reserved. I'm Cary Hardy, an education expert and consultant. yes, some slaves found ways to sabotage their masters and stop working by working slowly, stealing, ruining equipment, letting animals escape, faking stupidity, etc. However, the date of retrieval is often important. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. The split between Northern and Southern religious leaders began well before the start of the Civil War. New York: Macmillan, 1987. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists. . In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. What led to the outbreak of the bloodiest conflict in the history of North America? By nature the most affectionate and loyal of all races beneath the sun, they are also the most helpless: and no calamity can befal [sic] them greater than the loss of that protection they enjoy under this patriarchal system" (Palmer 1860, pp. The master-slave relationship was frequently compared to a parent-child relationship. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Confederate constitution outlawed the African slave trade, supplying many Southern cotton plantations with slaves. How many times is slavery mentioned in the constitution? In the years leading up to the Civil War and through the war years, Southern ministers brought this concept into their pulpits, often using extreme language, such as referring to Northerners as "atheists" and "infidels" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). Have a correction or comment about this article? Slave traders would march them South to sell them to buyers. George Fitzhugh, a southern writer of social treatises, was a staunch supporter of slavery, not as a necessary evil but as what he argued was a necessary good, a way to take care of enslaved persons and keep them from being a burden on society. Palmer continues with the practical dimension of his argument: Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests? What Are 5 Warning Signs That A Tornado May Occur? One popular advocate of the idea posited that Black people occupied a place in evolution between the Greeks and chimpanzees. Which statement best describes a major disadvantage to the extensive cotton production that took place in the Deep South? For the most part, Southern ministers embraced (and often championed) the Southern cause. Why did most slaves typically prefer living and working on a plantation rather than a small farm? The sermon, in fact, has been widely credited with giving the moral and popular push to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union. But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil:far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. In the case of the Episcopalians, several Southern dioceses seceded to form the Episcopal Church, C.S.A. no, overspeculation and the purchase of too many slaves forced many into debt; slaves were also expensive and the system was overly reliant upon one crop. The sermon, entitled "The South: Her Peril, and Her Duty" was delivered as part of a thanksgiving service on November 29, 1860 at the First Presbyterian Church of New Orleans, Louisiana, where Palmer was a minister. From the early 1830s until the end of the Civil War in 1865, Garrison was the abolitionists' most dedicated campaigner. Later, U.S. victory in the Mexican War of 1846-1848 brought the nation vast new acreage in the West. It is odious to make comparison; but I appeal to all sides whether the South is not equal in virtue, intelligence, patriotism, courage, disinterestedness, and all the high qualities which adorn our nature. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a "positive good.". On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. The negro is improvident; will not lay up in summer for the wants of winter; will not accumulate in youth for the exigencies of age. . Others felt that slaves were too irresponsible to try to live on their own. The Methodist Church, which had been founded in part on antislavery principles, followed suit in 1844 with the formation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (Boles 1994, pp. The leaders of the movement copied some of their strategies from British activists who had turned public opinion against the slave trade and slavery. 7879). he continues. What did Southern apologists believe about slavery? At the time of the Civil War, there were approximately ________ slaves in the South. In 1859 an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in an attempt to initiate an armed rebellion of enslaved persons. In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats did some southerners own no slaves? They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. Through the days leading up to the secession and during the war itself, Palmer and other preachers delivered the same message. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers? The New South an organization founded in 1817 to move blacks to Africa, it was a nation founded in 1822 on the West African coast as a haven for former slaves; 15,000 blacks moved there over 40 years. The Slavery Apologists The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. But they refused to see this defeat as a divine judgment on their beliefs and actions. The institution of slavery became even more entrenched in the South because of the increasing importance of, The prosperity of the southern yeoman was limited by the lack of, large numbers of surplus slaves were sold from the upper South to the lower South. The practice of slavery is one of humankind's most deeply rooted institutions. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats, yes, about 75% in 1860; they were mainly subsistence farmers who concentrated on corn and hogs. Moreover, in addition to their sincerity of faith, the slaves valued religion because it gave them an opportunity to communicate with their fellow slaves in a more relaxed and natural way. slave labor was superior to Northern paid labor since slaves were outside, did not have to worry about unemployment or the economy, and they were cared for when sick or old, an 1836 measure supported by Southerners that was pushed through the House to require antislavery appeals to be postponed without debate; representative JQ Adams repealed it after 8 years. To many Southern ministers, slavery conferred upon slaveholders a sense of responsibility for the souls of their slaves. did many blacks want to move back to Africa? Which identifies a major contradiction in the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers? B. Having slavery gave poor white farmers a feeling of social superiority over blacks. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Figure 1. Texans were wiped out by Mexican forces. Southerners, to justify the loss of some 260 thousand men, had to try to understand, from their perspective, why God slept while they fought. How Antebellum Christians Justified Slavery. Sig= used by Texans as a rallying point. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. What justification, after all, did white landowners have to enslave Africans except that slavery was a source of cheap labor? Such a tariff, he and others concluded, would disproportionately harm the South, which relied heavily on imports, and benefit the North, which would receive protections for its manufacturing centers. After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. Southern states seceded from the union in order to protect their states rights, the institution of slavery, and disagreements over tariffs. Slaveholders were told that they must protect the system of slavery, and doing so would protect their financial interests. did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. he published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, she fought for black emancipation and women's rights in New York, he advocated the idea of mass recolonization of Africa, he escaped slavery in 1838 and gave a speech at an 1841 Massachusetts antislavery meeting; he gave lectures and published his autobiography in 1845, a political party founded in 1840 with support from political abolitionists. Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. in the 1820s, did the south or the north have more antislavery societies? How did apologists describe the institution of slavery before the 1830s? Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. what did the federal government do in 1835 about abolitionist material? A lot of Puritans are in the North as well, and they don't condone slavery as much and believe it a sin (manstealing). You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. The former-slave Frederick Douglass noted that that the framers purposefully avoided the mention of slavery in the Constitution. So popular was the sermon that afterwards two separate groups from his congregation wrote to him imploring him to publish it for widespread distribution. Wrote an autobiography "incidents in the life of a slave girl". Proslavery theology persisted because religious arguments had situated slavery amidst other forms of household order and had relied upon widely accepted views of womens subordination as a corollary to slaves deprivation of rights. Southern Christians not only kept their antebellum worldview, they reaffirmed it as they helped rebuild the legal and social structures of white supremacy after terrorism and Northern indifference defeated Reconstruction. Planters often broke up families and sold family members to distant plantations. Faced with growing criticism by a largely Northern-based abolition movement, however, people in the Southern states felt compelled to defend themselves and to show solid justifications for keeping slaves. . Fitzhughs ideas exemplified southern notions of paternalism. White southerners responded by putting forth arguments in defense of slavery, their way of life, and their honor. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. . Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The most profitable commodity bought and sold in the upper tier of southern states was. The journeys of Yancey and Slidell show how hard it is to divide the United States simply into North and South, slave and free. This message was accepted gladly both by whites and a significant number of slaves. He advanced the idea of a concurrent majority, a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority. After all, the New Testaments injunctions for slaves to obey their masters appeared alongside instructions for wives to obey their husbands., This hierarchy placed white men (including ministers) at the top, because slaves (and white women and children) were incapable of ordering themselves. These denominations rapid expansion in the South, however, meant abandoning this position in recognition that upwardly mobile members increasingly included slaveholders. Justification for slavery came with this growth and found its parallels in the biblical subordination of women. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980. It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. This outcome was in part the result of different forms of church government; all three of these churches were organized into dioceses (or synods, in the case of the Lutherans) that were largely defined by territory; thus extreme abolitionist and proslavery views did not meet at the national level in these bodies. A video of the rapper Kanye West discussing slavery is a sad reminder of America's historical amnesia about the brutal realities of that institution. Slavery is the unconditional servitude of one individual to another. How did the Confederate Constitution handle the issue of slavery quizlet? In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. In Europe, the first significant efforts to ban human trafficking and abolish forced labor emerged in the 18th century. I then predicted that it would commence as it has with this fanatical portion of society, and that they would begin their operations on the ignorant, the weak, the young, and the thoughtless and gradually extend upwards till they would become strong enough to obtain political control. . Rather, they note that the master-slave relationship has existed since the beginning of humanityand, that as long as masters understand their obligation to slaves (including the provision of spiritual sustenance), the system is overall an acceptable one. This entry includes 2 subentries: The right which the master has is a right not to the man, but to his labor (White 1911, p. 298). 1830s. Such other denominations as the Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics were affected by the slavery issue, although they did not have any formal separations until after the secession began (Hudson 1987, p. 193). Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was. The North also produced defenders of slavery, including Louis Agassiz, a Harvard professor of zoology and geology. White, Henry Alexander. White southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas. Our best stories about the vast histories and cultures of Americans with ancestry in Asia and the Pacific. From the 1820s until the start of the U.S. Civil War, abolitionists called on the federal government to prohibit the ownership of people in the Southern states. To put teeth into the act, Congress passed a law in March 1862 prohibiting the return of slaves. . The abolitionist movement emerged in states like New York and Massachusetts. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. They argued that enslaved people had good living conditions. (April 27, 2023). Thanks for reading! https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, "The Slavery Apologists "The Slavery Apologists Which description best identifies how Christian slaveholders justified the enslavement of other human beings? mandated by the United States Constitution. Sold tons of land to newcomers. What were the main ideas of the Confederate Constitution? I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. 27 Apr. They argued that slaves lived in better conditions than factory workers. where were the majority of the free blacks? Southerners believed that their way of life was the natural, moral order, while the Northern way of lifefaster-paced, more industrialized, more cosmopolitanwas an unnatural and in fact immoral way to exist (Farmer 1999, pp. The secession of the Southern states following Lincolns election led to the American Civil War (186165). James Russell Lowell, whose emotional balance was cited by a biographer as proof that abolitionists need not have been unstable, urged, in contrast to Garrison, that the world must be healed by degrees. Also of importance was the work of free Blacks such as David Walker and Robert Forten and formerly enslaved persons such as Frederick Douglass, who had the clearest of all reasons to work for the cause but who shared some broader humanitarian motives with their white coworkers. His newspaper, the Liberator, was notorious. The theory of polygenism codified racism, giving the notion of Black inferiority the lofty mantle of science. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. . Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. what did white southern apologists believe? On the other hand, abolitionist arguments against slavery challenged proslavery apologists to push slave evangelization: If slavery was to be defended as a positive good, the slaves had to be converted to Christianity and master-slave relations had to be conducted along biblical lines. Leader of the army that wiped out the Texans who were defending the Alamo. The economic argument, however, failed to address the exploitative nature of slavery. According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. On the more extreme side were figures like John Brown, who believed an armed rebellion of enslaved people in the South was the quickest route to end human bondage in the United States. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999. The Constitution is silent on the question of secession. The seven states of the Deep South seceded before Lincoln took office. The conflicting elements would burst the Union asunder, powerful as are the links which hold it together. concurrent majority:a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority, polygenism:the idea that Black people and White people come from different origins. promin, Slavery . did non-slaveowning southern whites support slavery? Curiously, while most of them do note that the Bible sanctions slavery, they fail to give definitive proof in the way of specific passages. "Remember the Alamo". How did the Confederates view slavery during the war? Why was slavery the most important cause of the Civil War? Such preachers as Charles Colcock Jones (18041863) of Liberty County, Georgia, traveled from plantation house to plantation house to preach to the slave populations there. White southerners in the 1830s began portraying free blacks as savages because they were trying to. For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. convince themselves that slavery was morally justifiable. Members of the Southern clergy, who had their own feelings of devotion toward their home states, approved the notion that a well-intentioned South was being morally condemned by a self-righteous and arrogant North. Which description best describes the "gang" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? Identify the main proslavery arguments in the years prior to the Civil War. I'm passionate about helping people achieve their dreams, and I believe that education is the key to unlocking everyone's potential. What basic premise underlies his ideas? What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? Slavery had been an important economic institution in the South from early colonial days, less so in the more industrialized North. In the meantime, the White or European race, has not degenerated. D. They wanted a gradual end to slavery in the South. Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes I've worked with students of all ages and backgrounds, and I love helping them unlock their full potential. Palmer then swings back to a more practical argument: that the Northand the world beyondneeds to maintain the status quo in the South just as much as the South needs it: "[The] world has grown more and more dependent on [slavery] for sustenance and wealth the enriching commerce has been largely established upon the products of our soil: and the blooms upon southern fields gathered by black hands, have fed the spindles and looms of Manchester and Birmingham not less than of Lawrence and Lowell" (Palmer 1860, pp. Not confined to a single church, early antislavery sentiment was common among Mennonites, Quakers, Presbyterians, Baptists, Amish, and other practitioners of Protestant denominations. the belief that people of African descent were mentally and morally inferior, The internal slave trade in the Unites States ran from the, During the nineteenth century, the center of cotton production. Both the Garrisonian abolitionists and the Southern apologists for slavery thought the Constitution permitted slavery, with one group condemning it, the other celebrating it. 1830s. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. The Declaration of Independence had originally been referring to Great Britain's rule on the colonies in 1776. I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. Indeed, Virginians cited Garrison as the instigator of Nat Turners 1831 rebellion. Did the Confederacy have the right to secede? If the United States possesses an off, Before slavery became a fixture on the North American mainland, Europeans, both Catholics and Protestants, debated the relationship between African s, The Sky is Gray by Ernest J. Gaines, 1968, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. The Antebellum South A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would consider it as an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. Hudson, Winthrop S. Religion in America. Maintaining slavery, many Southerners believed, was doing the slaves a favor. a informal network of people that helped fugitive slaves make their way to the North, Most southern planters considered their slaves to be. It cannot be subverted without drenching the country in blood . John C. Calhoun, u201cSlavery as a Positive Good,u201d 1837. John Adger (18101899), who preached in a Presbyterian church in Charleston, South Carolina, served as a missionary in what are now Turkey and Armenia for a dozen years; he returned to the United States in 1846 and wished to return to his missionary work. He would become an insufferable burden to society. A. Origins of the abolition movement Opposition to slavery started as a moral and religious movement centered on the belief that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. Aaron Sheehan-Dean is the Fred C. Frey Professor of Southern Studies at Louisiana State University. The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (18611865), fighting against the United States forces in order to uphold the institution of. The Constitution itself had four clauses that indirectly addressed slavery and the slave trade though it did not actually use those terms. Calhouns idea of the concurrent majority found full expression in his 1850 essay Disquisition on Government. In this treatise, he wrote about government as a necessary means to ensure the preservation of society, since society existed to preserve and protect our race. If government grew hostile to society, then a concurrent majority had to take action, including forming a new government. Anthropologists find evidence of it in nearly every continent and culture dating back to ancient times and even the Neolithic period of human development. With the rise of democracy during the Jacksonian era in the 1830s, enslavers worried about the power of the majority. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. Agassiz helped to popularize polygenism, the idea that different human races came from separate origins. At one end of its spectrum was William Lloyd Garrison, an immediatist, the founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society (183370), who denounced not only slavery but also the Constitution of the United States for tolerating the evil. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). The role of the church in the Civil War and the events leading up to it was primarily one of moral guidance. New York: Viking, 2006. Reacting to abolitionist attacks that branded its peculiar institution as brutal and immoral, the South intensified its system of slave control, particularly after the Nat Turner revolt of 1831. did immigrants become cotton farmers in the south? what was the American Colonization Society? JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. Is Uc San Diego The Same As University Of San Diego? Garrison was a close ally of Frederick Douglass, who escaped his enslavement and whose 1845 autobiography became a bestseller. Calhoun became a leading political theorist defending slavery and the rights of the South, which he saw as containing an increasingly embattled minority. It emphasized the evangelical message of emotional conversion, ritual baptism, communal spirituality, and the idea that blacks were "children of God" and should be treated accordingly. The condition of society in the South exempts us from the disorders and dangers resulting from this conflict; and which explains why it is that the political condition of the slaveholding States has been so much more stable and quiet than that of the North. In the mid-1800s, slave owners in the South believed in the chattel principle, or the belief that slaves were pieces of moving property and therefore would always belong to their owners. John C. Calhoun, shown here in a ca. It declared that any property used by the Confederate military, including slaves, could be confiscated by Union forces. In the enjoyment of these rights, religion demands he should be protected. Although most white Southerners did not own slaves, the majority supported the institution of slavery and benefited indirectly from the slave society.

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